{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013928723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2983401","title":"On the Resilience of DAG-Based Distributed Ledgers in IoT Applications","display_name":"On the Resilience of DAG-Based Distributed Ledgers in IoT Applications","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013928723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2983401","mag":"3013928723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.2983401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2983401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032051586","display_name":"Andrew Cullen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-6433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089887","display_name":"Dyson (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00a4npp83","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Cullen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079397064","display_name":"Pietro Ferraro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-3880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089887","display_name":"Dyson (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00a4npp83","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Ferraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-3880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013438544","display_name":"Christopher King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-8122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-8122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036373073","display_name":"Robert Shorten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-2499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089887","display_name":"Dyson (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00a4npp83","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Shorten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-2499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984","https://openalex.org/I4210089887"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98328837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"8","first_page":"7112","last_page":"7122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.8089977502822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7789204120635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.7139481902122498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.6861110925674438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.597313404083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5463708639144897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immutability","display_name":"Immutability","score":0.5227206349372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.43763527274131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.429205060005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26775261759757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24816244840621948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.8089977502822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7789204120635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.7139481902122498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.6861110925674438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.597313404083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5463708639144897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942906","display_name":"Immutability","level":3,"score":0.5227206349372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43763527274131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.429205060005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26775261759757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24816244840621948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.2983401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2983401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1293608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1293608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6445168105","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16/IA/4610","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047693540","https://openalex.org/W2289218694","https://openalex.org/W2509981252","https://openalex.org/W2534895871","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2561457073","https://openalex.org/W2565253879","https://openalex.org/W2594957007","https://openalex.org/W2611565958","https://openalex.org/W2611626082","https://openalex.org/W2761901817","https://openalex.org/W2763958978","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2771747728","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2811503583","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2885100636","https://openalex.org/W2913553952","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W4248175462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4253897078","https://openalex.org/W4283163498","https://openalex.org/W2530733036","https://openalex.org/W3023855976","https://openalex.org/W4221010187","https://openalex.org/W4226088185","https://openalex.org/W4320037181","https://openalex.org/W2810405473","https://openalex.org/W2979776202","https://openalex.org/W3160375675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0],"ledgers":[1,59],"have":[2,19],"been":[3],"proposed":[4],"for":[5],"a":[6,37,54,102],"number":[7],"of":[8,25,40,57,89,95,110,124,131],"applications":[9],"in":[10,32,92,134],"the":[11,43,77,85,90,93,96,108,125,129,132],"Internet-of-Things":[12],"domain":[13],"where":[14],"it":[15,48],"is":[16],"essential":[17],"to":[18,35,52,127],"an":[20,122],"immutable":[21],"and":[22,60,87,119],"irreversible":[23],"record":[24],"transactions.":[26],"Directed":[27],"acyclic":[28],"graph":[29],"(DAG)-based":[30],"architectures,":[31],"particular,":[33],"seem":[34],"provide":[36],"vast":[38],"array":[39],"advantages":[41],"over":[42],"more":[44],"traditional":[45],"Blockchain;":[46],"however,":[47],"can":[49],"be":[50],"challenging":[51],"conduct":[53],"thorough":[55],"analysis":[56],"DAG-based":[58,99],"derive":[61],"reliable":[62],"performance":[63],"guarantees.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66,117,135],"article,":[67],"we":[68,106,120],"analyze":[69],"one":[70],"commonly":[71],"discussed":[72],"attack":[73,118],"scenario":[74],"known":[75],"as":[76],"parasite":[78],"chain":[79,104],"attack,":[80],"which":[81],"aims":[82],"at":[83],"disrupting":[84],"immutability":[86],"irreversibility":[88],"ledger,":[91],"context":[94],"IOTA":[97],"Foundation's":[98],"system.":[100],"Using":[101],"Markov":[103],"model,":[105],"study":[107],"vulnerabilities":[109],"IOTA's":[111],"core":[112],"tip":[113],"selection":[114],"method":[115],"against":[116],"present":[121],"extension":[123],"algorithm":[126],"improve":[128],"resilience":[130],"ledger":[133],"scenario.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-04-03T00:00:00"}