{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004968144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2972274","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Throughput Improvement of the Uplink Grant-Free NOMA System","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Throughput Improvement of the Uplink Grant-Free NOMA System","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004968144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2972274","mag":"3004968144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.2972274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2972274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013778882","display_name":"Jiazhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6905-7916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiazhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100624765","display_name":"Xiaofeng Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-1622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001829510","display_name":"Huici Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7689-482X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huici Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404886","display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-4925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96749437","display_name":"Texas A&M University \u2013 Corpus Christi","ror":"https://ror.org/01mrfdz82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100686652","display_name":"Xuefei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7096-9667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuefei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013778882"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":119,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98520989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"7","first_page":"6369","last_page":"6379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7936595678329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noma","display_name":"Noma","score":0.7851183414459229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7343057990074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6809730529785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6174842119216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.5720890164375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.49805259704589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4796469807624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.41102245450019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3222351670265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.31640535593032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.21155261993408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.19546014070510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.19415628910064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.1777687668800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1645965576171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14029014110565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.10739254951477051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7936595678329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775918612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994794","display_name":"Noma","level":3,"score":0.7851183414459229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7343057990074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6809730529785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6174842119216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.5720890164375305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.49805259704589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4796469807624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.41102245450019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3222351670265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.31640535593032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.21155261993408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.19546014070510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.19415628910064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.1777687668800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1645965576171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14029014110565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10739254951477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.2972274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2972274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1010105751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61932005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1340363224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1973601343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G815108017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L182038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1947482441","https://openalex.org/W1971698822","https://openalex.org/W2011383489","https://openalex.org/W2024304958","https://openalex.org/W2058841014","https://openalex.org/W2066452435","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2127420665","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155968351","https://openalex.org/W2173564293","https://openalex.org/W2294095830","https://openalex.org/W2294768391","https://openalex.org/W2377389173","https://openalex.org/W2467379878","https://openalex.org/W2562013183","https://openalex.org/W2604746236","https://openalex.org/W2617147441","https://openalex.org/W2736048253","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2783251003","https://openalex.org/W2798823828","https://openalex.org/W2894110571","https://openalex.org/W2898754723","https://openalex.org/W2900584518","https://openalex.org/W2904457167","https://openalex.org/W2911232490","https://openalex.org/W2922160705","https://openalex.org/W2922273628","https://openalex.org/W2924695220","https://openalex.org/W2945580969","https://openalex.org/W2951799221","https://openalex.org/W2958715190","https://openalex.org/W2962947312","https://openalex.org/W2962951858","https://openalex.org/W2963079995","https://openalex.org/W2963083073","https://openalex.org/W2963490210","https://openalex.org/W2963875807","https://openalex.org/W3100844423","https://openalex.org/W3104193638","https://openalex.org/W3105443601","https://openalex.org/W4214717370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3165611029","https://openalex.org/W2370038111","https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W4323315247","https://openalex.org/W2294884454","https://openalex.org/W3169161914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facing":[0],"the":[1,8,40,65,77,89,93,131,149,161,179,182,202,206,217,221,230,232,247],"dramatic":[2],"increase":[3],"of":[4,10,96,108,114,181,208,216,223,229,236],"mobile":[5],"devices":[6,109,209,224],"and":[7,31,51,75,92,99,165,168,185,197,212],"scarcity":[9],"spectrum":[11],"resources,":[12],"grant-free":[13,37,69,117,153,189,238],"nonorthogonal":[14],"multiple":[15],"access":[16,32,234],"(NOMA)":[17],"emerges":[18],"as":[19,139],"an":[20,81],"enabling":[21],"technology":[22],"for":[23,68,111],"massive":[24],"access,":[25],"which":[26],"also":[27],"reduces":[28],"signaling":[29],"overhead":[30],"latency":[33],"effectively.":[34],"However,":[35],"in":[36,64,80,88,246],"NOMA":[38,70,154,190,194,239,250],"systems,":[39,71],"collisions":[41,74,87],"resulting":[42],"from":[43],"uncoordinated":[44],"resource":[45],"selection":[46,171],"can":[47],"cause":[48],"severe":[49],"interference":[50],"reduce":[52,86,127],"system":[53,78,203],"throughput.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"article,":[57],"we":[58],"apply":[59],"deep":[60],"reinforcement":[61],"learning":[62],"(DRL)":[63],"decision":[66,144],"making":[67],"to":[72,126,158,244],"mitigate":[73],"improve":[76],"throughput":[79,134,204],"unknown":[82],"network":[83,162],"environment.":[84],"To":[85,147],"frequency":[90],"domain":[91],"computational":[94],"complexity":[95],"DRL,":[97],"subchannel":[98,167],"device":[100],"clustering":[101],"are":[102],"first":[103],"designed,":[104],"where":[105],"a":[106,112,140,151],"cluster":[107,113,133],"compete":[110],"subchannels":[115],"following":[116],"NOMA.":[118],"Furthermore,":[119],"discrete":[120],"uplink":[121],"power":[122],"control":[123],"is":[124,137,156,210,225,240],"proposed":[125,157,183],"intracluster":[128],"collisions.":[129,174],"Then,":[130],"long-term":[132],"maximization":[135],"problem":[136],"formulated":[138],"partially":[141],"observable":[142],"Markov":[143],"process":[145],"(POMDP).":[146],"address":[148],"POMDP,":[150],"DRL-based":[152,188,237],"algorithm":[155,184],"learn":[159],"about":[160],"contention":[163],"status":[164],"output":[166],"received":[169],"power-level":[170],"with":[172,195],"less":[173],"The":[175],"numerical":[176],"results":[177],"verify":[178],"effectiveness":[180],"reveal":[186],"that":[187,215,228],"outperforms":[191],"slotted":[192,248],"ALOHA":[193,249],"32.9%":[196],"156%":[198],"performance":[199],"gain":[200],"on":[201],"when":[205],"number":[207,222],"twice":[211],"five":[213,226],"times":[214,227],"subchannels,":[218,231],"respectively.":[219],"When":[220],"success":[233],"probability":[235],"above":[241],"85%,":[242],"compared":[243],"33%":[245],"system.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
