{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2974907545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2942165","title":"Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Training and Evaluation for Discretized Neural Networks","display_name":"Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Training and Evaluation for Discretized Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2974907545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2942165","mag":"2974907545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2942165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2942165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jialu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3301-6722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3301-6722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618","https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062707505","display_name":"Jun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-9774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-9774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618","https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023159259","display_name":"Zhenfu Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-5030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenfu Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618","https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074022699","display_name":"Athanasios V. Vasilakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-9877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100733","display_name":"Skellefte\u00e5 Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0133j5m54","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100733"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athanasios V. Vasilakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100733","https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077456653","display_name":"Xiaolei Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5844-0223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolei Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618","https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87496247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"2663","last_page":"2678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8692469596862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7428023219108582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.6331145763397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6254733800888062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.5131036043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.47047215700149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4691796600818634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.43264666199684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.400860458612442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3808050751686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3775010108947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35648274421691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3500951826572418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.31284627318382263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8692469596862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7428023219108582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.6331145763397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6254733800888062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.5131036043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.47047215700149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4691796600818634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.43264666199684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.400860458612442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3808050751686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3775010108947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35648274421691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3500951826572418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31284627318382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2942165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2942165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/146426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/146426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1585771641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017M611502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4108750496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61632012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4215603665","display_name":"\u4ece\u5c5e\u6027\u57fa\u52a0\u5bc6\u5230\u529f\u80fd\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u5b89\u5168\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8183064379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W1494049356","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1524288918","https://openalex.org/W1543354430","https://openalex.org/W1575598731","https://openalex.org/W1577715605","https://openalex.org/W1608459536","https://openalex.org/W1853548709","https://openalex.org/W1971991172","https://openalex.org/W1992282993","https://openalex.org/W2009086942","https://openalex.org/W2009952684","https://openalex.org/W2022097286","https://openalex.org/W2031738616","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2083847133","https://openalex.org/W2092422002","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2156030242","https://openalex.org/W2159486442","https://openalex.org/W2165063012","https://openalex.org/W2167094273","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2233194383","https://openalex.org/W2317339301","https://openalex.org/W2398935881","https://openalex.org/W2401959250","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2585580772","https://openalex.org/W2620512600","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2785386794","https://openalex.org/W2794888826","https://openalex.org/W3141585064","https://openalex.org/W6631325483","https://openalex.org/W6717974185","https://openalex.org/W6732586565","https://openalex.org/W6748060877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W2947510282","https://openalex.org/W2363701519","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W2292786713","https://openalex.org/W3212491810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning,":[1],"particularly":[2],"the":[3,17,37,53,58,139,183,198,203,217],"neural":[4],"network":[5],"(NN),":[6],"is":[7,109,170],"extensively":[8],"exploited":[9,57],"in":[10,68,93,213],"dizzying":[11],"applications.":[12],"In":[13],"order":[14],"to":[15,33,36,177,215],"reduce":[16],"burden":[18],"of":[19,27,52,60,83,135,222],"computing":[20],"for":[21,42,105,168,187,209],"resource-constrained":[22],"clients,":[23],"a":[24,96,133,159],"large":[25],"number":[26],"historical":[28],"private":[29],"datasets":[30],"are":[31,153],"required":[32],"be":[34,175],"outsourced":[35],"semi-trusted":[38],"or":[39,75],"malicious":[40],"cloud":[41],"model":[43,99,162,190,194],"training":[44,100,163,191],"and":[45,72,87,101,150,164,193,201,220],"evaluation.":[46],"To":[47,89],"achieve":[48],"privacy":[49,196],"preservation,":[50],"most":[51],"existing":[54],"work":[55],"either":[56],"technique":[59],"public":[61,127],"key":[62,118,128],"fully":[63,119],"homomorphic":[64,120],"encryption":[65],"(FHE)":[66],"resulting":[67],"considerable":[69],"computational":[70],"cost":[71],"ciphertext":[73],"expansion,":[74],"secure":[76],"multiparty":[77],"computation":[78],"(SMC)":[79],"requiring":[80],"multiple":[81],"rounds":[82],"interactions":[84],"between":[85],"user":[86],"cloud.":[88],"address":[90],"these":[91],"issues,":[92],"this":[94],"article,":[95],"lightweight":[97,160],"privacy-preserving":[98,161],"evaluation":[102,165,195],"scheme":[103,166],"LPTE":[104,167],"discretized":[106],"NNs":[107],"(DiNNs)":[108],"proposed.":[110],"First,":[111],"we":[112,181],"put":[113],"forward":[114],"an":[115],"efficient":[116],"single":[117],"data":[121],"encapsulation":[122],"mechanism":[123],"(SFH-DEM)":[124],"without":[125],"exploiting":[126],"FHE.":[129],"Based":[130],"on":[131,205],"SFH-DEM,":[132],"series":[134],"atomic":[136],"calculations":[137],"over":[138],"encrypted":[140],"domain,":[141],"including":[142],"multivariate":[143],"polynomial,":[144],"nonlinear":[145],"activation":[146],"function,":[147,149],"gradient":[148],"maximum":[151],"operations":[152],"devised":[154],"as":[155],"building":[156],"blocks.":[157],"Furthermore,":[158],"DiNNs":[169],"proposed,":[171],"which":[172],"can":[173],"also":[174],"extended":[176],"convolutional":[178],"NN.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"give":[182],"formal":[184],"security":[185],"proofs":[186],"dataset":[188,207],"privacy,":[189,192],"under":[197],"semi-honest":[199],"environment":[200],"implement":[202],"experiment":[204],"real":[206],"MNIST":[208],"recognizing":[210],"handwritten":[211],"numbers":[212],"DiNN":[214],"demonstrate":[216],"high":[218],"efficiency":[219],"accuracy":[221],"our":[223],"proposed":[224],"LPTE.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}