{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922879336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2940368","title":"Recurrent Neural Networks for Accurate RSSI Indoor Localization","display_name":"Recurrent Neural Networks for Accurate RSSI Indoor Localization","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922879336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2940368","mag":"2922879336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2940368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2940368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.11703","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103205976","display_name":"Minh Tu Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-687X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minh Tu Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","[Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068612515","display_name":"Brosnan Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-0073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brosnan Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","[Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049362473","display_name":"Xiaodai Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-5602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodai Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","[Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009705432","display_name":"Tao L\u0171","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-0407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","University of Victoria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Victoria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085240055","display_name":"Robert Westendorp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1993-7189"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Westendorp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fortinet Canada, Inc., Burnaby, Canada","Fortinet Canada, Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fortinet Canada, Inc., Burnaby, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fortinet Canada, Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070273761","display_name":"Kishore Reddy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-6397"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kishore Reddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fortinet Canada, Inc., Burnaby, Canada","Fortinet Canada, Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fortinet Canada, Inc., Burnaby, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fortinet Canada, Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103205976"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2064,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79253112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"6","first_page":"10639","last_page":"10651"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.8590248823165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8010869026184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6647837162017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6538136601448059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5803253054618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/received-signal-strength-indication","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","score":0.5261456370353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.479458212852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.41285306215286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3872453570365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.34206610918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33015626668930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.20386704802513123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09057348966598511}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.8590248823165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8010869026184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6647837162017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6538136601448059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5803253054618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195672","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","level":3,"score":0.5261456370353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.479458212852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.41285306215286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3872453570365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.34206610918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33015626668930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.20386704802513123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09057348966598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2940368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2940368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.11703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.11703","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.11703","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2922879336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1903.11703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.11703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.11703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10846489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10846489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10846490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10846490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.11703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.11703","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.11703","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598796236","https://openalex.org/W1630879738","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W2007146523","https://openalex.org/W2027651497","https://openalex.org/W2045970963","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2054799039","https://openalex.org/W2063817599","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2090702298","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2115068461","https://openalex.org/W2117081152","https://openalex.org/W2129042888","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2144723957","https://openalex.org/W2145323322","https://openalex.org/W2152506275","https://openalex.org/W2169036624","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2265608995","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2326347197","https://openalex.org/W2327645608","https://openalex.org/W2342827161","https://openalex.org/W2552265749","https://openalex.org/W2599936006","https://openalex.org/W2600069438","https://openalex.org/W2735006420","https://openalex.org/W2739510360","https://openalex.org/W2744326832","https://openalex.org/W2744660192","https://openalex.org/W2753866421","https://openalex.org/W2782742784","https://openalex.org/W2785821961","https://openalex.org/W2792020330","https://openalex.org/W2887238168","https://openalex.org/W2891088180","https://openalex.org/W2898051988","https://openalex.org/W2951643226","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W4237817155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972355358","https://openalex.org/W2144082418","https://openalex.org/W3035142189","https://openalex.org/W2977412628","https://openalex.org/W1967084372","https://openalex.org/W2958439783","https://openalex.org/W2051305419","https://openalex.org/W3135421793","https://openalex.org/W2003654239","https://openalex.org/W2783545168","https://openalex.org/W3174637591","https://openalex.org/W2785281828","https://openalex.org/W2898051988","https://openalex.org/W2984433286","https://openalex.org/W2818146705","https://openalex.org/W2981490738","https://openalex.org/W3025790845","https://openalex.org/W3208926975","https://openalex.org/W1577432168","https://openalex.org/W2391205497"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"recurrent":[3,96],"neural":[4],"networks":[5],"(RNNs)":[6],"for":[7,72],"the":[8,26,36,43,46,58,61,115,129,146],"WiFi":[9],"fingerprinting":[10],"indoor":[11],"localization.":[12],"Instead":[13],"of":[14,28,64,86,123,128],"locating":[15],"a":[16,22,54,66],"mobile":[17],"user's":[18],"position":[19],"one":[20,132],"at":[21,35],"time":[23],"as":[24],"in":[25,53],"cases":[27],"conventional":[29],"algorithms,":[30],"our":[31],"RNN":[32,100],"solution":[33],"aims":[34],"trajectory":[37],"positioning":[38],"and":[39,77,105,139],"takes":[40],"into":[41],"account":[42],"correlation":[44],"among":[45,60],"received":[47],"signal":[48],"strength":[49],"indicator":[50],"(RSSI)":[51],"measurements":[52],"trajectory.":[55],"To":[56],"enhance":[57],"accuracy":[59],"temporal":[62],"fluctuations":[63],"RSSI,":[65],"weighted":[67],"average":[68,120],"filter":[69],"is":[70],"proposed":[71,116],"both":[73],"input":[74],"RSSI":[75],"data":[76],"sequential":[78],"output":[79],"locations.":[80],"The":[81],"results":[82],"using":[83],"different":[84],"types":[85],"RNN,":[87,90],"including":[88],"vanilla":[89],"long":[91],"short-term":[92],"memory":[93],"(LSTM),":[94],"gated":[95],"unit":[97],"(GRU),":[98],"bidirectional":[99,102,106],"(BiRNN),":[101],"LSTM":[103],"(BiLSTM),":[104],"GRU":[107],"(BiGRU)":[108],"are":[109],"presented.":[110],"On-site":[111],"experiments":[112],"demonstrate":[113],"that":[114],"structure":[117],"achieves":[118],"an":[119],"localization":[121],"error":[122],"0.75":[124],"m":[125],"with":[126],"80%":[127],"errors":[130],"under":[131,145],"meter,":[133],"which":[134],"outperforms":[135],"K-nearest":[136],"neighbors":[137],"algorithms":[138,141],"probabilistic":[140],"by":[142],"approximately":[143],"30%":[144],"same":[147],"test":[148],"environment.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
