{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964583557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2933445","title":"Joint Computation Offloading and Coin Loaning for Blockchain-Empowered Mobile-Edge Computing","display_name":"Joint Computation Offloading and Coin Loaning for Blockchain-Empowered Mobile-Edge Computing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964583557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2933445","mag":"2964583557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2933445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2933445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101914916","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-5866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075795671","display_name":"Zicong Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-382X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zicong Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066482792","display_name":"Wuhui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-7904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wuhui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000582109","display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-4330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385692","display_name":"Xu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-6020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101914916"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5274,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97992414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"6","first_page":"9934","last_page":"9950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8330291509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.7894495129585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.6929823160171509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.6809175610542297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.598763644695282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5670473575592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5388277769088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5302495360374451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-of-anarchy","display_name":"Price of anarchy","score":0.5239123106002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.45698171854019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4548046290874481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.43281638622283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.4314693212509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.4237886965274811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3427545726299286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24225184321403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22045105695724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.164922297000885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.09461405873298645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8330291509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.7894495129585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.6929823160171509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6809175610542297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.598763644695282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5670473575592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5388277769088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5302495360374451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242623","display_name":"Price of anarchy","level":4,"score":0.5239123106002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.45698171854019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4548046290874481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.43281638622283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.4314693212509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.4237886965274811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3427545726299286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24225184321403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22045105695724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.164922297000885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.09461405873298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188466206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242626","display_name":"Price of stability","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126285488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476","display_name":"Monetary policy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2933445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2933445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3633703093","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018A030310076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G751991303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11801595","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069211379","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2166843422","https://openalex.org/W2195423816","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2472738043","https://openalex.org/W2498627658","https://openalex.org/W2504303547","https://openalex.org/W2593769694","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2753581993","https://openalex.org/W2762167842","https://openalex.org/W2763095029","https://openalex.org/W2777447168","https://openalex.org/W2800169350","https://openalex.org/W2800205258","https://openalex.org/W2804985843","https://openalex.org/W2808449107","https://openalex.org/W2808946317","https://openalex.org/W2888442703","https://openalex.org/W2888816167","https://openalex.org/W2896424347","https://openalex.org/W2897500530","https://openalex.org/W2897662902","https://openalex.org/W2902729902","https://openalex.org/W2914317125","https://openalex.org/W2919259948","https://openalex.org/W2919995315","https://openalex.org/W2921337715","https://openalex.org/W2931293404","https://openalex.org/W2934242057","https://openalex.org/W2962966569","https://openalex.org/W2963198024","https://openalex.org/W2963209633","https://openalex.org/W2963983602","https://openalex.org/W2964335916","https://openalex.org/W3022321359","https://openalex.org/W3105376410","https://openalex.org/W6745807452","https://openalex.org/W6746873430","https://openalex.org/W6751039881"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2917127270","https://openalex.org/W3185499500","https://openalex.org/W3014317926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"blockchain-empowered":[1,49,78],"mobile-edge":[2],"computing":[3,179],"(MEC)":[4],"is":[5,234],"a":[6,111,124,133,140],"promising":[7],"solution":[8],"for":[9,77,224],"enhancing":[10],"the":[11,24,35,52,62,71,82,90,98,102,108,116,119,130,145,159,164,178,198,215,221,226,231],"computation":[12,43],"capabilities":[13],"of":[14,34,85,132,161,163,201,217],"mobile":[15],"equipments":[16],"(MEs)":[17],"to":[18,60,80,97,100,114,143,175],"process":[19],"computation-intensive":[20],"tasks":[21,28],"such":[22],"as":[23,110,214],"real-time":[25],"data":[26],"processing":[27],"and":[29,38,74,138,182,211],"mining":[30],"tasks.":[31],"However,":[32],"because":[33,51],"\u201ccold":[36],"start\u201d":[37],"\u201clong":[39],"return\u201d":[40],"problems,":[41],"efficient":[42],"offloading":[44,63],"cannot":[45],"be":[46],"achieved":[47],"in":[48],"MEC":[50,79],"MEs":[53,99,218],"do":[54],"not":[55],"always":[56],"have":[57],"enough":[58],"coins":[59],"afford":[61],"service":[64],"cost.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"article,":[68],"we":[69,128],"study":[70],"joint":[72],"computation-offloading":[73],"coin-loaning":[75],"problem":[76,109],"minimize":[81],"total":[83,199],"cost":[84,200,223],"all":[86,202],"MEs.":[87,121],"We":[88,106,152],"introduce":[89],"banks":[91],"that":[92,191],"can":[93,195],"provide":[94,154],"loan":[95],"services":[96],"address":[101],"above":[103],"two":[104,170,227],"issues.":[105],"formulate":[107],"noncooperative":[112],"game":[113,126,165],"model":[115],"competitions":[117],"between":[118],"myopic":[120],"By":[122],"using":[123],"potential":[125],"method,":[127],"prove":[129],"existence":[131],"pure-strategy":[134],"Nash":[135],"equilibrium":[136],"(NE)":[137],"design":[139],"distributed":[141],"algorithm":[142,194],"achieve":[144],"NE":[146],"point":[147],"with":[148,208],"low":[149],"computational":[150],"complexity.":[151],"also":[153],"an":[155],"upper":[156],"bound":[157],"on":[158,230],"price":[160],"anarchy":[162],"by":[166],"theoretical":[167],"proof.":[168],"Besides,":[169],"smart":[171,228],"contracts":[172,229],"are":[173],"designed":[174],"automatically":[176],"perform":[177],"resource":[180],"trading":[181],"coin":[183],"loaning":[184],"processes.":[185],"Lastly,":[186],"our":[187,192],"simulation":[188],"results":[189],"show":[190],"proposed":[193],"significantly":[196],"reduce":[197],"MEs,":[203],"has":[204],"better":[205],"performance":[206],"compared":[207],"other":[209],"solutions,":[210],"scales":[212],"well":[213],"number":[216],"increases.":[219],"Moreover,":[220],"financial":[222],"executing":[225],"Ethereum":[232],"network":[233],"low.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}