{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947154757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2919066","title":"Cyber-Physical Vulnerability Analysis of Communication-Based Train Control","display_name":"Cyber-Physical Vulnerability Analysis of Communication-Based Train Control","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947154757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2919066","mag":"2947154757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2919066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2919066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033166892","display_name":"Sangjun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-2018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangjun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-2018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021688385","display_name":"Yuchang Won","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-9658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchang Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070775159","display_name":"In\u2010Hee Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8228-323X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801036362","display_name":"Agency for Defense Development","ror":"https://ror.org/05fhe0r85","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327899338","https://openalex.org/I1344042128","https://openalex.org/I2801036362","https://openalex.org/I2801339556"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In-Hee Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8228-323X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801036362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027782566","display_name":"Yongsoon Eun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2304-7106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsoon Eun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2304-7106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073593813","display_name":"Kyung\u2010Joon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-6461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Joon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-6461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7425,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93596095,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"6353","last_page":"6362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.8807626962661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7830106019973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.6208986639976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6065753698348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5379576683044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5123337507247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4414992332458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.4223310649394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.4205816984176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.31476306915283203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12164118885993958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.8807626962661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7830106019973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.6208986639976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6065753698348999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5379576683044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5123337507247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4414992332458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.4223310649394989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.4205816984176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.31476306915283203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12164118885993958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2919066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2919066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8497107808","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016R1C1B2007899","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66053595","https://openalex.org/W1943620205","https://openalex.org/W1972757409","https://openalex.org/W2003530067","https://openalex.org/W2021864399","https://openalex.org/W2028918699","https://openalex.org/W2032732517","https://openalex.org/W2039079921","https://openalex.org/W2041388425","https://openalex.org/W2056240414","https://openalex.org/W2097954312","https://openalex.org/W2132085090","https://openalex.org/W2149713648","https://openalex.org/W2158914121","https://openalex.org/W2229768259","https://openalex.org/W2249823353","https://openalex.org/W2320204756","https://openalex.org/W2506362697","https://openalex.org/W2508720818","https://openalex.org/W2509054562","https://openalex.org/W2514382028","https://openalex.org/W2579603034","https://openalex.org/W2582437105","https://openalex.org/W2593375656","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2606537796","https://openalex.org/W2776486137","https://openalex.org/W2811104053","https://openalex.org/W6674780579","https://openalex.org/W6689853167","https://openalex.org/W6691878004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W3048672182","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W3089038912","https://openalex.org/W2556314044","https://openalex.org/W2089917086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"cyber-physical":[1,76,112,170],"system":[2],"(CPS)":[3],"is":[4,163],"an":[5],"entanglement":[6],"of":[7,26,50,63,75,89,101,114,144,159,172],"physical":[8],"and":[9,43,116],"computing":[10],"systems":[11,86],"by":[12],"real-time":[13,23,28],"information":[14],"exchange":[15],"through":[16],"networking,":[17],"which":[18],"can":[19,128],"be":[20],"considered":[21],"as":[22,35,87],"IoT":[24],"because":[25],"end-to-end":[27],"performance":[29],"guarantee.":[30],"Most":[31],"societal":[32],"infrastructures,":[33],"such":[34],"transportation":[36],"systems,":[37,104],"smart":[38,41,44],"power":[39],"grid,":[40],"factory,":[42],"buildings,":[45],"are":[46],"key":[47],"application":[48],"domains":[49],"CPS.":[51],"Though":[52],"there":[53],"have":[54],"been":[55,69],"extensive":[56],"studies":[57],"on":[58,83,125,169],"infrastructures":[59],"from":[60,71],"the":[61,90,96,111,136,157,164],"perspective":[62],"cyber":[64],"security,":[65],"insufficient":[66],"research":[67],"has":[68],"conducted":[70],"a":[72,119,140,148],"practical":[73],"viewpoint":[74],"security.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79,162],"paper,":[80],"we":[81,138,152],"focus":[82],"train":[84,102,106,126,130],"control":[85,103,107],"one":[88],"critical":[91],"infrastructures.":[92],"We":[93,109],"fully":[94],"investigate":[95],"emerging":[97],"de":[98],"facto":[99],"standard":[100],"communication-based":[105],"(CBTC).":[108],"analyze":[110],"vulnerability":[113,171],"CBTC":[115,150,173],"discover":[117],"that":[118],"man-in-the-middle":[120],"attack":[121],"combined":[122],"with":[123],"knowledge":[124],"signaling":[127],"cause":[129],"collisions":[131],"in":[132],"CBTC.":[133,145],"To":[134,156],"resolve":[135],"issue,":[137],"propose":[139],"countermeasure":[141],"for":[142],"resiliency":[143],"By":[146],"implementing":[147],"realistic":[149],"testbed,":[151],"validate":[153],"our":[154,160],"analysis.":[155],"best":[158],"knowledge,":[161],"first":[165],"in-depth":[166],"empirical":[167],"study":[168],"systems.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
