{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945136984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2918296","title":"Cooperative and Distributed Computation Offloading for Blockchain-Empowered Industrial Internet of Things","display_name":"Cooperative and Distributed Computation Offloading for Blockchain-Empowered Industrial Internet of Things","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945136984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2918296","mag":"2945136984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2918296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2918296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066482792","display_name":"Wuhui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-7904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wuhui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101914916","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-5866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075795671","display_name":"Zicong Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-382X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zicong Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429133","display_name":"Chuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7048-3445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031531093","display_name":"Jiajing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5155-8547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056311070","display_name":"Sabita Maharjan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-8488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799829267","display_name":"Simula Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00vn06n10","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabita Maharjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Simula Research Laboratory, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Simula Research Laboratory, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799829267","https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012731436","display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456327","display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066482792"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":36.9459,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99731706,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"8433","last_page":"8446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8753823637962341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.7817726731300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.7131019830703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6961469650268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6174029111862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5817716717720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.576353132724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.49067866802215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.48445796966552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4460073709487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3273715376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20926082134246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15054869651794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.1371692717075348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13357436656951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08074548840522766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8753823637962341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.7817726731300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.7131019830703735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6961469650268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6174029111862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5817716717720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.576353132724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.49067866802215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.48445796966552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4460073709487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3273715376853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20926082134246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15054869651794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.1371692717075348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13357436656951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08074548840522766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2918296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2918296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3320589821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018A030313005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5917389280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802450","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069211379","https://openalex.org/W2115150191","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2498627658","https://openalex.org/W2619984247","https://openalex.org/W2753581993","https://openalex.org/W2762167842","https://openalex.org/W2762590152","https://openalex.org/W2777447168","https://openalex.org/W2783354355","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2793423901","https://openalex.org/W2797816609","https://openalex.org/W2803109435","https://openalex.org/W2804985843","https://openalex.org/W2807184217","https://openalex.org/W2808449107","https://openalex.org/W2809610228","https://openalex.org/W2846676623","https://openalex.org/W2876503617","https://openalex.org/W2888442703","https://openalex.org/W2888816167","https://openalex.org/W2889275267","https://openalex.org/W2891362044","https://openalex.org/W2891930034","https://openalex.org/W2896424347","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2897500530","https://openalex.org/W2897662902","https://openalex.org/W2910175468","https://openalex.org/W2914317125","https://openalex.org/W2919259948","https://openalex.org/W2962804481","https://openalex.org/W2962966569","https://openalex.org/W2963198024","https://openalex.org/W2963929166","https://openalex.org/W2963983602","https://openalex.org/W2964247343","https://openalex.org/W3022321359","https://openalex.org/W3099237798","https://openalex.org/W6746873430","https://openalex.org/W6755535100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902693277","https://openalex.org/W4378977105","https://openalex.org/W3154796165","https://openalex.org/W2341911025","https://openalex.org/W4301078654","https://openalex.org/W2894114519","https://openalex.org/W4297093186","https://openalex.org/W4282941432","https://openalex.org/W2920581164","https://openalex.org/W4309428690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Offloading":[0],"computation-intensive":[1],"blockchain":[2,32,49],"mining":[3,33,50,104,126],"tasks":[4,34,46,51,101,105,123,127],"to":[5,72,128,181],"the":[6,22,31,39,59,73,98,103,113,120,125,130,139,148,158,165,183,201,209],"edge":[7],"servers":[8],"(ESs)":[9],"is":[10],"a":[11,88,143],"promising":[12],"solution":[13],"for":[14,43,48,62,107,118,164],"blockchain-empowered":[15,108],"Industrial":[16],"Internet":[17],"of":[18,58,133,160,203],"Things":[19],"(IIoT)":[20],"because":[21],"computing":[23],"capabilities":[24],"in":[25,83,146],"IIoT":[26,67,134,149,179,204],"are":[27,35],"usually":[28],"limited,":[29],"whereas":[30],"computationally":[36],"intensive.":[37],"However,":[38],"computation":[40,93,115],"offloading":[41,63,94,116,140],"solutions":[42,61],"data":[44,77,99,121],"processing":[45,100,122],"and":[47,91,102,124,156,207],"have":[52],"been":[53],"studied":[54],"separately.":[55],"Moreover,":[56],"most":[57],"existing":[60],"assume":[64],"that":[65,96,194],"all":[66],"devices":[68,150,180,205],"can":[69,151],"directly":[70],"connect":[71],"ESs":[74],"or":[75],"cloud":[76],"centers.":[78],"To":[79],"address":[80],"these":[81],"issues,":[82],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,111,137,168],"propose":[87],"multihop":[89,114],"cooperative":[90],"distributed":[92,172,196],"algorithm":[95,173,197],"considers":[97],"together":[106],"IIoT.":[109],"First,":[110],"study":[112],"problem":[117,141],"both":[119],"minimize":[129],"economic":[131],"cost":[132,212],"devices.":[135],"Second,":[136],"formulate":[138],"as":[142,200],"potential":[144],"game":[145],"which":[147],"make":[152],"their":[153],"decisions":[154],"autonomously":[155],"prove":[157],"existence":[159],"Nash":[161],"equilibrium":[162],"(NE)":[163],"game.":[166],"Third,":[167],"design":[169],"an":[170],"efficient":[171],"based":[174],"on":[175],"exchanging":[176],"messages":[177],"between":[178],"achieve":[182],"NE":[184],"with":[185,214],"low":[186],"computational":[187],"complexity.":[188],"Lastly,":[189],"our":[190,195],"experimental":[191],"results":[192],"demonstrate":[193],"scales":[198],"well":[199],"number":[202],"increases":[206],"has":[208],"minimum":[210],"system":[211],"compared":[213],"other":[215],"approaches.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
