{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946193070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2911969","title":"Proof-of-Work Consensus Approach in Blockchain Technology for Cloud and Fog Computing Using Maximization-Factorization Statistics","display_name":"Proof-of-Work Consensus Approach in Blockchain Technology for Cloud and Fog Computing Using Maximization-Factorization Statistics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946193070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2911969","mag":"2946193070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2911969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2911969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075848381","display_name":"Gulshan Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-149X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gulshan Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-149X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059124651","display_name":"Rahul Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-9512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-9512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mritunjay Kumar Rai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mritunjay Kumar Rai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005096826","display_name":"Reji Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7308-3535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reji Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007596905","display_name":"Tai-hoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-8102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tai-Hoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and IT, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-8102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and IT, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075848381"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.4166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":144,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99661855,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"6835","last_page":"6842"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8273659944534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8192015886306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.5256030559539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factorization","display_name":"Factorization","score":0.4745520055294037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.4688618779182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.44622135162353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41509127616882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.36609917879104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3499235510826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.28716209530830383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2628902792930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10593199729919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08422166109085083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8273659944534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8192015886306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.5256030559539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187834632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188804","display_name":"Factorization","level":2,"score":0.4745520055294037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.4688618779182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.44622135162353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41509127616882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.36609917879104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3499235510826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.28716209530830383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2628902792930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10593199729919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08422166109085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2911969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2911969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014077903","https://openalex.org/W2015424007","https://openalex.org/W2047642783","https://openalex.org/W2100568884","https://openalex.org/W2183998037","https://openalex.org/W2561905839","https://openalex.org/W2595125717","https://openalex.org/W2728360598","https://openalex.org/W2740518031","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2757817063","https://openalex.org/W2758945826","https://openalex.org/W2774802253","https://openalex.org/W2775178102","https://openalex.org/W2789962766","https://openalex.org/W2792565633","https://openalex.org/W2794500860","https://openalex.org/W2795886112","https://openalex.org/W2799742419","https://openalex.org/W2803007868","https://openalex.org/W2805930283","https://openalex.org/W2806328806","https://openalex.org/W2810807736","https://openalex.org/W2883018138","https://openalex.org/W2884106958","https://openalex.org/W2884899100","https://openalex.org/W2887056865","https://openalex.org/W2888258418","https://openalex.org/W2891855426","https://openalex.org/W2898252004","https://openalex.org/W2900483574","https://openalex.org/W2962740246","https://openalex.org/W2962815952","https://openalex.org/W2963483479","https://openalex.org/W4205364868","https://openalex.org/W4297805418","https://openalex.org/W6750454233","https://openalex.org/W6752354147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2981481350","https://openalex.org/W3155932073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,19,44,80],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"discussed":[4],"an":[5],"efficient":[6,99],"statistical":[7,45],"method":[8,46],"with":[9,22],"proof-of-work":[10],"consensus":[11,55],"approach":[12,81,96,109],"for":[13,83,112],"cloud":[14,84],"and":[15,37,57,72,85,104],"fog":[16,86],"computing.":[17,87,123],"With":[18],"method,":[20],"solution":[21,56],"precise":[23],"probability":[24],"in":[25,100,121],"minimal":[26],"time":[27,103],"is":[28,97],"realized.":[29],"We":[30],"have":[31],"used":[32],"the":[33,48,54,61,67,70,94,117],"expectation":[34],"maximization":[35],"algorithm":[36],"polynomial":[38],"matrix":[39],"factorization.":[40],"The":[41,88],"advantages":[42],"of":[43,102,116],"are":[47,75],"less":[49,77],"iteration":[50],"to":[51,53,59],"converge":[52],"easiness":[58],"configure":[60],"complete":[62],"mathematical":[63],"model":[64],"as":[65],"per":[66],"requirement.":[68],"Moreover,":[69],"energy":[71],"memory":[73,105],"consumption":[74],"also":[76,91],"which":[78],"make":[79],"appealing":[82],"experimental":[89],"results":[90],"show":[92],"that":[93],"proposed":[95],"significantly":[98],"terms":[101],"consumption.":[106],"This":[107],"novel":[108],"seems":[110],"beneficial":[111],"Internet-of-Things":[113],"(IoT),":[114],"one":[115],"most":[118],"fast-growing":[119],"technologies":[120],"network":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}