{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913895065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2896120","title":"Energy-Efficient Deep CNN for Smoke Detection in Foggy IoT Environment","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Deep CNN for Smoke Detection in Foggy IoT Environment","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913895065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2896120","mag":"2913895065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2896120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2896120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058897625","display_name":"Salman Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-4005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9706-4005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018267985","display_name":"Khan Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-1150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khan Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-1150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056209905","display_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-6149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-6149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072407810","display_name":"Sung Wook Baik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6678-7788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung Wook Baik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6678-7788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045093520","display_name":"Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3886-4309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125581668","display_name":"Universidade de Fortaleza","ror":"https://ror.org/02ynbzc81","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125581668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Applied Informatics, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3886-4309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Applied Informatics, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125581668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.6284,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":189,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99778904,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"6","first_page":"9237","last_page":"9245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8799335956573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke","display_name":"Smoke","score":0.8036028146743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7226669192314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7020989656448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6642712950706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-detection","display_name":"Fire detection","score":0.6605101227760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4952353537082672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4767932891845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45843204855918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4456614851951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4292800724506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.22587153315544128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8799335956573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.8036028146743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7226669192314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7020989656448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6642712950706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780836893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19922674","display_name":"Fire detection","level":2,"score":0.6605101227760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4952353537082672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4767932891845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45843204855918884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4456614851951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4292800724506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.22587153315544128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2896120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2896120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8082801164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016R1A2B4011712","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568396791","https://openalex.org/W1544385957","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1996199746","https://openalex.org/W1997951305","https://openalex.org/W2005846441","https://openalex.org/W2012913059","https://openalex.org/W2013107860","https://openalex.org/W2013300501","https://openalex.org/W2020260936","https://openalex.org/W2027645937","https://openalex.org/W2039983430","https://openalex.org/W2053529786","https://openalex.org/W2084391620","https://openalex.org/W2089926733","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2128135082","https://openalex.org/W2133514006","https://openalex.org/W2148904006","https://openalex.org/W2153942085","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167505895","https://openalex.org/W2320046825","https://openalex.org/W2344001629","https://openalex.org/W2395911422","https://openalex.org/W2419597278","https://openalex.org/W2470394683","https://openalex.org/W2551235116","https://openalex.org/W2567642374","https://openalex.org/W2616644355","https://openalex.org/W2617052993","https://openalex.org/W2618032733","https://openalex.org/W2623902153","https://openalex.org/W2756554574","https://openalex.org/W2766562347","https://openalex.org/W2769581371","https://openalex.org/W2780222614","https://openalex.org/W2782169620","https://openalex.org/W2783430431","https://openalex.org/W2793947836","https://openalex.org/W2807862495","https://openalex.org/W2886810500","https://openalex.org/W2900471873","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6679956590","https://openalex.org/W6681835271","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6712090116","https://openalex.org/W6717177883","https://openalex.org/W6756497100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999380063","https://openalex.org/W2392528038","https://openalex.org/W2015259196","https://openalex.org/W4386447087","https://openalex.org/W2770974135","https://openalex.org/W2803990755","https://openalex.org/W2373782842","https://openalex.org/W4283775558","https://openalex.org/W1482594609","https://openalex.org/W2049066971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smoke":[0],"detection":[1,16,25,73,100,118,151],"in":[2,17,47,74,123,146,154],"Internet":[3],"of":[4,12,85,125,136,152],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"environment":[7],"is":[8,52],"a":[9,53],"primary":[10],"component":[11],"early":[13,71,150],"disaster-related":[14],"event":[15],"smart":[18,147],"cities.":[19],"Recently,":[20],"several":[21],"smoke":[22,46,72,99,117,153],"and":[23,32,77,95,111,120,130,142,156],"fire":[24],"methods":[26,41],"are":[27,42],"presented":[28],"with":[29],"reasonable":[30],"accuracy":[31,94],"running":[33],"time":[34,96],"for":[35,70,98,149],"normal":[36,76,155],"IoT":[37,49,79,158],"environment.":[38],"However,":[39],"these":[40],"unable":[43],"to":[44,102,140],"detect":[45],"foggy":[48,78,157],"environment,":[50],"which":[51],"challenging":[54],"task.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"we":[59],"propose":[60],"an":[61],"energy-efficient":[62],"system":[63],"based":[64],"on":[65,115],"deep":[66],"convolutional":[67],"neural":[68],"networks":[69],"both":[75],"environments.":[80,159],"Our":[81],"method":[82],"takes":[83],"advantage":[84],"VGG-16":[86],"architecture,":[87],"considering":[88],"its":[89,144],"sensible":[90],"stability":[91],"between":[92],"the":[93,103,133],"efficiency":[97,131],"compared":[101,139],"other":[104],"computationally":[105],"expensive":[106],"networks,":[107],"such":[108],"as":[109],"GoogleNet":[110],"AlexNet.":[112],"Experiments":[113],"performed":[114],"benchmark":[116],"datasets":[119],"their":[121],"results":[122],"terms":[124],"accuracy,":[126],"false":[127],"alarms":[128],"rate,":[129],"reveal":[132],"better":[134],"performance":[135],"our":[137],"technique":[138],"state-of-the-art":[141],"verifies":[143],"applicability":[145],"cities":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}