{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106303176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2842116","title":"Optical Exfiltration of Data via Keyboard LED Status Indicators to IP Cameras","display_name":"Optical Exfiltration of Data via Keyboard LED Status Indicators to IP Cameras","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106303176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2842116","mag":"3106303176"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2842116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2842116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.03235","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101433911","display_name":"Zheng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8109-1711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067689180","display_name":"Weiming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074185061","display_name":"Zichong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-339X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zichong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064573190","display_name":"Nenghai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-9316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nenghai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101433911"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9959,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78335182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"1541","last_page":"1550"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8374489545822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.5057480335235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.452495276927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4091331958770752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.39989954233169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3297584056854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.24704405665397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1238110363483429}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8374489545822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.5057480335235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.452495276927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4091331958770752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.39989954233169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3297584056854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.24704405665397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1238110363483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2842116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2842116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1711.03235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03235","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.03235","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1711.03235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03235","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.03235","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5833623133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8406824694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1636201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46219734","https://openalex.org/W77651440","https://openalex.org/W1230022372","https://openalex.org/W1587357026","https://openalex.org/W1811605617","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W2007932953","https://openalex.org/W2009317169","https://openalex.org/W2014051288","https://openalex.org/W2016713126","https://openalex.org/W2035379874","https://openalex.org/W2035405301","https://openalex.org/W2048807342","https://openalex.org/W2093943173","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2112353775","https://openalex.org/W2114636141","https://openalex.org/W2125115094","https://openalex.org/W2143842190","https://openalex.org/W2337655500","https://openalex.org/W2425240487","https://openalex.org/W2460773240","https://openalex.org/W2471438234","https://openalex.org/W2535114562","https://openalex.org/W2593459094","https://openalex.org/W2599189014","https://openalex.org/W2609035835","https://openalex.org/W2621659898","https://openalex.org/W2744703251","https://openalex.org/W2953223508","https://openalex.org/W2962789418","https://openalex.org/W2962909198","https://openalex.org/W3021705304","https://openalex.org/W3122966783","https://openalex.org/W4295112944","https://openalex.org/W4298174554","https://openalex.org/W6603142823","https://openalex.org/W6627969867","https://openalex.org/W6678770513","https://openalex.org/W6718986610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3042595473","https://openalex.org/W2082745643","https://openalex.org/W2392123845","https://openalex.org/W2123219307","https://openalex.org/W2033117258","https://openalex.org/W2049354487","https://openalex.org/W1998065921","https://openalex.org/W2071346341","https://openalex.org/W1964371904","https://openalex.org/W4281256161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75],"ability":[1],"of":[2,52,64,94,106,112,115],"the":[3,21,53,70,104,110,113],"light-emitting":[4],"diodes":[5],"(LEDs)":[6],"on":[7,72],"a":[8,14,40,50,61,73,82,92,100],"keyboard":[9,132],"to":[10,47,68,120,124],"send":[11],"data":[12,122],"at":[13,39],"rate":[15],"that":[16],"is":[17,45,66,118],"far":[18],"greater":[19],"than":[20],"human":[22],"eye":[23],"can":[24,34,78],"perceive":[25],"has":[26],"been":[27],"fully":[28],"studied.":[29],"However,":[30],"an":[31],"IP":[32,84,125],"camera":[33],"only":[35],"fetch":[36],"high-resolution":[37],"images":[38],"low":[41],"frame":[42],"rate.":[43],"It":[44],"unable":[46],"act":[48],"as":[49],"sink":[51],"optical":[54],"covert":[55,107],"channel":[56],"directly.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"novel":[62],"form":[63],"modulation":[65],"proposed":[67],"modulate":[69],"LEDs":[71],"keyboard.":[74],"modulated":[76],"signal":[77],"be":[79],"received":[80],"by":[81],"nearby":[83],"camera.":[85],"To":[86],"verify":[87],"its":[88],"validity,":[89],"we":[90],"implement":[91],"prototype":[93],"exfiltration":[95],"malware.":[96],"Our":[97],"experiment":[98],"shows":[99],"significant":[101],"improvement":[102],"in":[103],"imperceptibility":[105],"communication.":[108],"Against":[109],"background":[111],"Internet":[114],"Things,":[116],"it":[117],"possible":[119],"leak":[121],"covertly":[123],"cameras":[126],"across":[127],"air-gapped":[128],"networks":[129],"via":[130],"LED":[131],"status":[133],"indicators.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2020-11-23T00:00:00"}