{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795765720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2818680","title":"SMDP-Based Coordinated Virtual Machine Allocations in Cloud-Fog Computing Systems","display_name":"SMDP-Based Coordinated Virtual Machine Allocations in Cloud-Fog Computing Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795765720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2818680","mag":"2795765720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2818680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2818680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040663622","display_name":"Qizhen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6648-2426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qizhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011781334","display_name":"Zhao Lian-wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianwen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","School of Mathematics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086403520","display_name":"Jie Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-2968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736311","display_name":"Hongbin Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6258-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbin Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100765829","display_name":"Lian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5602-1738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","School of Mathematics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029840191","display_name":"Xiaohu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7938-7812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040663622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9661,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98319587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"1977","last_page":"1988"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.8609092831611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8146410584449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7603727579116821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6557966470718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5321249961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5077868103981018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-learning","display_name":"Q-learning","score":0.4905799925327301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4664344787597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.46018606424331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.45973077416419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.43946635723114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.4336155951023102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.3369220495223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22928386926651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.16920387744903564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.8609092831611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8146410584449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7603727579116821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6557966470718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5321249961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5077868103981018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.4905799925327301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4664344787597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.46018606424331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.45973077416419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.43946635723114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.4336155951023102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.3369220495223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22928386926651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.16920387744903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2818680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2818680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2366315490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61571375","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7883346827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61728108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971167072","https://openalex.org/W1996260199","https://openalex.org/W1998645260","https://openalex.org/W2012423440","https://openalex.org/W2041788372","https://openalex.org/W2067398275","https://openalex.org/W2072763312","https://openalex.org/W2075754841","https://openalex.org/W2104237724","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2114296561","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2119567691","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2124682147","https://openalex.org/W2135184188","https://openalex.org/W2138583691","https://openalex.org/W2139583278","https://openalex.org/W2148275477","https://openalex.org/W2160886020","https://openalex.org/W2201051564","https://openalex.org/W2296033070","https://openalex.org/W2334782222","https://openalex.org/W2343050074","https://openalex.org/W2343908699","https://openalex.org/W2394115245","https://openalex.org/W2472333518","https://openalex.org/W2481050413","https://openalex.org/W2534068475","https://openalex.org/W2536587200","https://openalex.org/W2578151840","https://openalex.org/W2594788700","https://openalex.org/W2594917114","https://openalex.org/W2605868208","https://openalex.org/W2605945764","https://openalex.org/W2735680672","https://openalex.org/W2742085156","https://openalex.org/W2748166927","https://openalex.org/W2800992211","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6751065966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W2951545791","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W2294884454","https://openalex.org/W2364406457","https://openalex.org/W2173087131","https://openalex.org/W1997350370"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heterogeneous":[0],"computing":[1,59],"powered":[2],"by":[3,52,159],"remote":[4,54],"clouds":[5],"and":[6,56,83,112,164,193],"local":[7,63],"fogs":[8],"is":[9,75,98,129,157],"a":[10,68,101,117,144,183],"promising":[11],"technology":[12],"to":[13,41,77,131,182,186],"improve":[14],"the":[15,21,43,46,53,57,62,79,84,96,109,127,162,173,176,189,195],"performance":[16,174],"of":[17,23,49,61,166,175,188],"user":[18],"terminals":[19],"in":[20,72,107],"Internet":[22],"Things.":[24],"In":[25,139],"this":[26],"paper,":[27],"two":[28],"semi-Markov":[29],"decision":[30,90,104],"process":[31,105],"(SMDP)-based":[32],"coordinated":[33,153],"virtual":[34],"machine":[35],"(VM)":[36],"allocation":[37,137,155,198],"methods":[38],"are":[39],"proposed":[40],"balance":[42],"tradeoff":[44],"between":[45,88],"high":[47],"cost":[48],"providing":[50],"services":[51],"cloud":[55],"limited":[58],"capacity":[60],"fog.":[64],"We":[65],"first":[66],"present":[67],"model-based":[69,190],"planning":[70,191],"method":[71,179,192],"which":[73,108],"it":[74],"necessary":[76],"train":[78],"state":[80],"transition":[81],"probabilities":[82],"expected":[85],"time":[86],"intervals":[87],"adjacent":[89],"epochs.":[91],"To":[92],"facilitate":[93],"training":[94],"them,":[95],"SMDP":[97],"degraded":[99],"into":[100],"continuous-time":[102,118],"Markov":[103,119],"(CTMDP)":[106],"service":[110,114],"requests":[111],"ongoing":[113],"completions":[115],"follow":[116],"chain.":[120],"The":[121,168],"relative":[122],"value":[123],"iterative":[124],"algorithm":[125],"for":[126],"CTMDP":[128],"used":[130],"find":[132],"an":[133,151],"asymptotically":[134],"optimal":[135,152],"VM":[136,154,197],"policy.":[138],"addition,":[140],"we":[141],"also":[142],"propose":[143],"model-free":[145,177],"reinforcement":[146],"learning":[147,160],"(RL)":[148],"method,":[149],"where":[150],"policy":[156],"approximated":[158],"from":[161],"states":[163],"rewards":[165],"feedback.":[167],"simulation":[169],"results":[170],"show":[171],"that":[172,187],"RL":[178],"can":[180],"converge":[181],"level":[184],"similar":[185],"outperform":[194],"greedy":[196],"method.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
