{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415707405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3626703","title":"Robust-by-Design Silicon Photonic Mach\u2013Zehnder Interferometers Under Fabrication Nonuniformities","display_name":"Robust-by-Design Silicon Photonic Mach\u2013Zehnder Interferometers Under Fabrication Nonuniformities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415707405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3626703"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2025.3626703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3626703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065246319","display_name":"Zahra Ghanaatian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Ghanaatian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5827-0170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079238626","display_name":"Amin Shafiee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-2370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Shafiee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-2370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039971454","display_name":"Mahdi Nikdast","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4930-2985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Nikdast","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4930-2985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18764313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"52","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.6577000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.6577000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.31380000710487366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photonics","display_name":"Silicon photonics","score":0.7387999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.7166000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomical-interferometer","display_name":"Astronomical interferometer","score":0.6506999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction-ratio","display_name":"Extinction ratio","score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-spectral-range","display_name":"Free spectral range","score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-engineering","display_name":"Optical engineering","score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-on-insulator","display_name":"Silicon on insulator","score":0.3896999955177307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119423029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3749103","display_name":"Silicon photonics","level":3,"score":0.7387999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.7166000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23576306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004698","display_name":"Astronomical interferometer","level":3,"score":0.6506999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5942000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96137627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385099","display_name":"Extinction ratio","level":3,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776015930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454132","display_name":"Free spectral range","level":3,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151857401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640621","display_name":"Optical engineering","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53143962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478788","display_name":"Silicon on insulator","level":3,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128717455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2024185","display_name":"3D optical data storage","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27289702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2475861","display_name":"Nanophotonics","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134256836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545913","display_name":"Backplane","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22799297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523846","display_name":"Photonic integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194739806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221","display_name":"Computer data storage","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45613198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134091","display_name":"Optical filter","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2025.3626703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3626703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7134129860","display_name":"CAREER: Optimizing Scalability and Reconfigurability in Silicon Photonic Switch Fabrics","funder_award_id":"2046226","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8070001501","display_name":"FET: Small: Design Optimization of Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits under Fabrication Process Variations","funder_award_id":"2006788","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965915529","https://openalex.org/W1992713499","https://openalex.org/W2022339775","https://openalex.org/W2022975927","https://openalex.org/W2042006190","https://openalex.org/W2058173379","https://openalex.org/W2067833298","https://openalex.org/W2091613865","https://openalex.org/W2137671277","https://openalex.org/W2346037918","https://openalex.org/W2420787938","https://openalex.org/W2613587951","https://openalex.org/W2789555118","https://openalex.org/W2897089376","https://openalex.org/W2901868604","https://openalex.org/W2926076842","https://openalex.org/W2929974843","https://openalex.org/W2962730419","https://openalex.org/W2992359756","https://openalex.org/W3006418295","https://openalex.org/W3006686196","https://openalex.org/W3040051427","https://openalex.org/W3088377452","https://openalex.org/W3102067895","https://openalex.org/W3180565565","https://openalex.org/W3195862557","https://openalex.org/W4206037560","https://openalex.org/W4214867176","https://openalex.org/W4283324850","https://openalex.org/W4285149899","https://openalex.org/W4309600587","https://openalex.org/W4312077423","https://openalex.org/W4366504046","https://openalex.org/W4385945235","https://openalex.org/W4390189101","https://openalex.org/W4390189669","https://openalex.org/W4392450026","https://openalex.org/W4403029742","https://openalex.org/W4408151624","https://openalex.org/W4408665372"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Silicon":[0],"photonics":[1],"(SiPh)":[2],"has":[3],"quickly":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,17,48,133,176,178],"a":[7,84,170,203,218],"leading":[8],"technology":[9],"for":[10,45,89],"photonic":[11,210],"integrated":[12],"circuits,":[13],"offering":[14],"advantages":[15],"such":[16,47,132],"low":[18,20],"latency,":[19],"power":[21],"consumption,":[22],"and":[23,52,96,103,129,139,144,180],"high":[24],"bandwidth":[25],"in":[26,73,98,122,167,173,221],"different":[27,36],"application":[28],"domains":[29],"from":[30],"data":[31],"communication":[32],"to":[33,59,91,115,148,160,217],"computation.":[34],"Among":[35],"SiPh":[37],"devices,":[38],"Mach\u2013Zehnder":[39],"interferometers":[40],"(MZIs)":[41],"are":[42,57,136],"highly":[43],"attractive":[44],"applications":[46],"modulators,":[49],"switches,":[50],"biosensors,":[51],"neural":[53,211],"networks.":[54],"However,":[55],"MZIs":[56,90,165],"sensitive":[58],"fabrication-process":[60],"variations":[61],"(FPVs),":[62],"which":[63],"can":[64],"significantly":[65],"impact":[66,119],"MZI":[67],"performance":[68],"even":[69],"with":[70,192],"minute":[71],"changes":[72,97,182],"the":[74,118,186,193,222],"device\u2019s":[75],"critical":[76],"dimensions.":[77],"To":[78],"address":[79],"this":[80],"problem,":[81],"we":[82],"present":[83,202],"variation-aware":[85],"design":[86,130,146],"optimization":[87],"method":[88],"minimize":[92],"optical":[93,195],"response":[94,196],"shift":[95],"free":[99],"spectral":[100],"range":[101],"(FSR),":[102],"maximize":[104],"extinction":[105],"ratio":[106],"(ER)":[107],"under":[108,152,183,213],"FPVs.":[109,153,184],"We":[110,200],"develop":[111],"detailed":[112],"analytical":[113],"models":[114],"accurately":[116],"capture":[117],"of":[120,197,207],"FPVs":[121],"MZIs.":[123,199,229],"Leveraging":[124],"these":[125],"models,":[126],"device":[127,150],"layout":[128],"parameters,":[131],"waveguide":[134],"width,":[135],"efficiently":[137],"explored":[138],"optimized":[140,164,228],"based":[141],"on":[142],"single-mode":[143],"multi-mode":[145],"considerations":[147],"improve":[149],"resilience":[151],"The":[154],"simulation":[155,187],"results":[156,188],"show":[157,189],"that,":[158],"compared":[159],"conventional":[161],"MZIs,":[162],"our":[163],"result":[166],"more":[168],"than":[169],"57%":[171],"reduction":[172],"optical-response":[174],"shift,":[175],"well":[177],"FSR":[179],"ER":[181],"Moreover,":[185],"great":[190],"agreement":[191],"measured":[194],"fabricated":[198],"also":[201],"system-level":[204],"case":[205],"study":[206],"an":[208],"MZI-based":[209],"network":[212,223],"FPVs,":[214],"showcasing":[215],"up":[216],"65%":[219],"improvement":[220],"inferencing":[224],"accuracy":[225],"when":[226],"using":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}