{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412567217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3591727","title":"Iterative Layout-Aware Power, Thermal, and IR-Drop Co-Optimization: Ensuring Convergency in 3D-ICs","display_name":"Iterative Layout-Aware Power, Thermal, and IR-Drop Co-Optimization: Ensuring Convergency in 3D-ICs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412567217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3591727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2025.3591727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3591727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092266407","display_name":"Mohamed Naeim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8202-2159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66217453","display_name":"Cadence Design Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w8xa018","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Naeim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA, USA","Cadence Design System, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8202-2159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Design System, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060076901","display_name":"Dwaipayan Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-3692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dwaipayan Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-3692","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056668473","display_name":"Yun Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-7584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66217453","display_name":"Cadence Design Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w8xa018","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA, USA","Cadence Design System, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Design System, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013521006","display_name":"Odysseas Zografos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-8009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Odysseas Zografos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049476718","display_name":"Herman Oprins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-4969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herman Oprins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-4969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073931298","display_name":"Geert Van der Plas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4975-6672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geert Van der Plas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4975-6672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047175215","display_name":"C. T. Kao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66217453","display_name":"Cadence Design Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w8xa018","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. T. Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA, USA","Cadence Design System, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Design System, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001573477","display_name":"Pinhong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5048-1445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66217453","display_name":"Cadence Design Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w8xa018","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pinhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA, USA","Cadence Design System, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cadence Design System, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66217453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056611420","display_name":"Dragomir Milojevic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5915-5160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132053463","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","ror":"https://ror.org/01r9htc13","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132053463"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dragomir Milojevic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bio, Electro, and Mechanical Systems Department (BEAMS), Universit&#x00E9; Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium","Universit&#x00E9; libre de Bruxelles, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5915-5160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bio, Electro, and Mechanical Systems Department (BEAMS), Universit&#x00E9; Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132053463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; libre de Bruxelles, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132053463"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78838426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"648","last_page":"658"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.5651114583015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drop","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","score":0.5649017095565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5356227159500122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-management-of-electronic-devices-and-systems","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","score":0.48877379298210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.44502002000808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-network-design","display_name":"Power network design","score":0.4160323143005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38475704193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.28223657608032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20805853605270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.20747506618499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12516626715660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.11214244365692139}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5651114583015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781345722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308388","display_name":"Drop (telecommunication)","level":2,"score":0.5649017095565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5356227159500122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114834414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15477170","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","level":2,"score":0.48877379298210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44502002000808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164565468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236535","display_name":"Power network design","level":3,"score":0.4160323143005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38475704193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.28223657608032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20805853605270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20747506618499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12516626715660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.11214244365692139}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2025.3591727","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3591727","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939710494","https://openalex.org/W1993700253","https://openalex.org/W1996424891","https://openalex.org/W2013978035","https://openalex.org/W2132297574","https://openalex.org/W2132816157","https://openalex.org/W2146795745","https://openalex.org/W2493084514","https://openalex.org/W2601132872","https://openalex.org/W2644623536","https://openalex.org/W2735023411","https://openalex.org/W3012202589","https://openalex.org/W3048129076","https://openalex.org/W3184107541","https://openalex.org/W3191546729","https://openalex.org/W4285676414","https://openalex.org/W4376606757","https://openalex.org/W4386631108","https://openalex.org/W4387010219","https://openalex.org/W4396980775","https://openalex.org/W4400034006","https://openalex.org/W4401881628","https://openalex.org/W4402835322","https://openalex.org/W4402835951","https://openalex.org/W4403677057","https://openalex.org/W4404238420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371237473","https://openalex.org/W2109799272","https://openalex.org/W4233629644","https://openalex.org/W4390188998","https://openalex.org/W2086636458","https://openalex.org/W4283721994","https://openalex.org/W2319035808","https://openalex.org/W184298953","https://openalex.org/W3014070231","https://openalex.org/W2113278517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"scaling":[1],"of":[2,8,57,68,171,188],"integrated":[3],"circuits":[4],"and":[5,21,35,60,65,85,93,105],"the":[6,114,137,149,169],"adoption":[7],"3D":[9,66,125],"integration":[10],"have":[11],"significantly":[12],"increased":[13],"power":[14,22,25,122,141,172],"density,":[15],"creating":[16],"critical":[17],"challenges":[18],"for":[19,53],"thermal":[20,29,59,83,87,100,228],"integrity.":[23],"Rising":[24],"densities":[26,173],"can":[27],"trigger":[28],"runaway,":[30],"negatively":[31],"impacting":[32],"device":[33],"reliability":[34],"performance.":[36],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"presents":[39],"an":[40],"electrothermal":[41],"coupling":[42],"framework":[43,75],"built":[44],"upon":[45],"commercial":[46],"Electronic":[47],"Design":[48],"Automation":[49],"(EDA)":[50],"tools,":[51],"designed":[52],"precise":[54],"iterative":[55,77],"analysis":[56],"power,":[58],"IR-drop":[61,206,224],"characteristics":[62],"in":[63,90,124,185,196,203],"2D":[64],"configurations":[67],"a":[69,128,154,215],"many-core":[70],"RISCV":[71],"SoC.":[72],"The":[73],"proposed":[74],"automates":[76],"Power-Temperature":[78],"(P-T)":[79],"simulations":[80],"to":[81,120,127,133,144,160,167,192],"evaluate":[82],"convergence":[84],"potential":[86],"runaway":[88],"scenarios":[89],"Memory-on-Logic":[91],"(MoL)":[92],"Logic-on-Memory":[94],"(LoM)":[95],"stacked":[96],"configurations.":[97],"It":[98],"identifies":[99],"hotspots,":[101],"tracks":[102],"their":[103],"progression":[104],"evaluates":[106],"various":[107],"cooling":[108,164],"strategies.":[109],"Initial":[110],"results":[111,184],"indicate":[112],"that":[113],"first":[115],"P-T":[116],"iteration":[117],"provides":[118],"up":[119],"10%":[121,150],"savings":[123],"due":[126],"11%":[129],"wirelength":[130],"reduction":[131],"compared":[132,159],"2D.":[134],"However,":[135],"by":[136,207,225],"fifth":[138],"iteration,":[139],"MoL":[140,161],"saving":[142],"reduces":[143],"4%,":[145],"whereas":[146],"LoM":[147,152],"maintains":[148],"saving.":[151],"exhibits":[153],"6\u00b0C":[155],"lower":[156],"peak":[157],"temperature":[158,186,204],"under":[162],"equivalent":[163],"conditions.":[165],"Compared":[166],"2D,":[168],"range":[170],"(110":[174],"-":[175],"260":[176],"<italic":[177],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[178,180,182,190,194,200],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">W</i>/<italic":[179],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">cm</i><sup":[181],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>)":[183],"variations":[187],"\u22121\u00b0<italic":[189],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">C</i>":[191,195,201],"+3\u00b0<italic":[193],"LoM.":[197],"A":[198],"10\u00b0<italic":[199],"rise":[202],"increases":[205],"11%;":[208],"however,":[209],"physical":[210],"design-aware":[211],"adjustments,":[212],"such":[213],"as":[214],"tighter":[216],"Power":[217],"Delivery":[218],"Network":[219],"(PDN)":[220],"pitch,":[221],"effectively":[222],"reducing":[223],"54%,":[226],"mitigating":[227],"impacts.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
