{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407027133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3537328","title":"ApprOchs: A Memristor-Based In-Memory Adaptive Approximate Adder","display_name":"ApprOchs: A Memristor-Based In-Memory Adaptive Approximate Adder","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407027133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3537328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2025.3537328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3537328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116101730","display_name":"Dominik Ochs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Ochs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4244-1388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lukas Rapp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5011-3497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Rapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5011-3497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116101731","display_name":"Leandro Borzyk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leandro Borzyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8031-9755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006190563","display_name":"Nima Amirafshar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4361-8095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Amirafshar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4361-8095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050080301","display_name":"Nima TaheriNejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-0332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima TaheriNejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-0332","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3879,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79652128,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"105","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristor","display_name":"Memristor","score":0.8568083047866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.8198075890541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4752109944820404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memistor","display_name":"Memistor","score":0.44257158041000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.4267148971557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.3756290674209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.34949934482574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.33734190464019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3216349482536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.26235342025756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.22280779480934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19028455018997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.14207115769386292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13935941457748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.1325954794883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1281956434249878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.8568083047866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.8198075890541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4752109944820404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1895703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034938","display_name":"Memistor","level":4,"score":0.44257158041000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.4267148971557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.3756290674209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34949934482574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33734190464019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3216349482536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.26235342025756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.22280779480934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19028455018997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.14207115769386292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13935941457748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.1325954794883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1281956434249878}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2025.3537328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2025.3537328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578783943","https://openalex.org/W2005865544","https://openalex.org/W2017819499","https://openalex.org/W2025674646","https://openalex.org/W2026005150","https://openalex.org/W2066280488","https://openalex.org/W2068007821","https://openalex.org/W2112181056","https://openalex.org/W2122148191","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2135089667","https://openalex.org/W2162651880","https://openalex.org/W2265166184","https://openalex.org/W2522667948","https://openalex.org/W2566771249","https://openalex.org/W2664249309","https://openalex.org/W2742536119","https://openalex.org/W2768707373","https://openalex.org/W2800491064","https://openalex.org/W2809226946","https://openalex.org/W2809261999","https://openalex.org/W2900379535","https://openalex.org/W2948850835","https://openalex.org/W2972614379","https://openalex.org/W3001855497","https://openalex.org/W3002848853","https://openalex.org/W3009178428","https://openalex.org/W3048414096","https://openalex.org/W3091788314","https://openalex.org/W3128667769","https://openalex.org/W3133865265","https://openalex.org/W3136861880","https://openalex.org/W3141620748","https://openalex.org/W4309241483","https://openalex.org/W4312355976","https://openalex.org/W4313496500","https://openalex.org/W4319865988","https://openalex.org/W4327773480","https://openalex.org/W4386320484","https://openalex.org/W4388405402","https://openalex.org/W4389586399","https://openalex.org/W4400231957","https://openalex.org/W4400770655","https://openalex.org/W4402753594","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6705225997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3170109256","https://openalex.org/W2185262500","https://openalex.org/W4251693286","https://openalex.org/W1543954628","https://openalex.org/W4385367273","https://openalex.org/W2797315502","https://openalex.org/W2163054919","https://openalex.org/W3173413269","https://openalex.org/W2106343578","https://openalex.org/W2038212394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"silicon":[1],"scaling":[2],"nears":[3],"its":[4,230,305],"limits":[5],"and":[6,27,60,85,95,134,221,303,341],"the":[7,21,35,101,130,157,163,171,174,192,257,286,300,315,323],"<italic":[8,22,40,67,106],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[9,23,41,68,107,310],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Big":[10],"Data</i>":[11],"era":[12],"unfolds,":[13],"in-memory":[14,37,148,198],"computing":[15,31,64],"is":[16,66,111,125,141],"increasingly":[17],"important":[18],"for":[19,58,73,178,266],"overcoming":[20],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Von":[24],"Neumann</i>":[25],"bottleneck":[26],"thus":[28,135],"enhancing":[29],"modern":[30],"performance.":[32],"One":[33],"of":[34,47,117,173,182,187,206,215],"rising":[36],"technologies":[38],"are":[39,44],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Memristors</i>,":[42],"which":[43,71,110],"resistors":[45],"capable":[46],"memorizing":[48],"state":[49],"based":[50],"on":[51],"an":[52,89,118],"applied":[53],"voltage,":[54],"making":[55],"them":[56,203],"useful":[57],"storage":[59],"computation.":[61,288],"Another":[62],"emerging":[63],"paradigm":[65],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Approximate":[69],"Computing</i>,":[70],"allows":[72],"errors":[74],"in":[75,78,156,204,213,234,274,281,304],"calculations":[76],"to":[77,91,113,127,129,196,252,285,295],"turn":[79],"reduce":[80],"die":[81],"area,":[82],"processing":[83],"time":[84],"energy":[86,207,231,249,275,297,321],"consumption.":[87],"In":[88,224,238],"attempt":[90],"combine":[92],"both":[93],"concepts":[94],"leverage":[96],"their":[97],"benefits,":[98],"we":[99,246,269,292],"propose":[100],"memristor-based":[102],"adaptive":[103],"approximate":[104,199,254],"adder":[105,317],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ApprOchs</i>":[108],"-":[109],"able":[112],"selectively":[114],"compute":[115,137],"segments":[116],"addition":[119],"either":[120],"approximately":[121],"or":[122],"exactly.":[123],"ApprOchs":[124,161,168,201,228,316],"designed":[126],"adapt":[128],"input":[131,184],"data":[132],"given":[133],"only":[136],"as":[138,140,260],"much":[139],"needed,":[142],"a":[143,179,271,332],"quality":[144,279,337],"current":[145],"State-of-the-Art":[146],"(SoA)":[147],"adders":[149,255,262],"lack.":[150],"Despite":[151],"also":[152],"using":[153,241],"OR-based":[154],"approximation":[155],"lower":[158],"k":[159],"bit,":[160],"has":[162],"edge":[164],"over":[165,299],"S-SINC":[166],"because":[167],"can":[169],"skip":[170,191],"computation":[172,302],"upper":[175,193],"n-k":[176],"bit":[177],"small":[180],"number":[181],"possible":[183,189],"combinations":[185,190],"(22k":[186],"22n":[188],"bits).":[194],"Compared":[195],"SoA":[197,253,327],"adders,":[200],"outperforms":[202],"terms":[205,214],"consumption":[208,276],"while":[209,265,330],"being":[210],"highly":[211],"competitive":[212],"error":[216],"behavior,":[217],"with":[218,256,277],"moderate":[219],"speed":[220],"area":[222],"efficiency.":[223],"application":[225],"use":[226],"cases,":[227],"demonstrates":[229],"efficiency,":[232],"particularly":[233],"machine":[235],"learning":[236],"applications.":[237],"MNIST":[239],"classification":[240],"Deep":[242],"Convolutional":[243],"Neural":[244],"Networks,":[245],"achieve":[247,293],"78.4%":[248],"savings":[250],"compared":[251,284],"same":[258],"accuracy":[259],"exact":[261,287,301],"at":[263,338],"98.9%,":[264],"k-means":[267],"clustering,":[268],"observed":[270],"69%":[272],"reduction":[273,298],"no":[278],"drop":[280],"clustering":[282],"results":[283],"For":[289],"image":[290,336],"blurring,":[291],"up":[294],"32.7%":[296],"most":[306,324],"promising":[307],"configuration":[308],"(<inline-formula":[309],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[311],"<tex-math":[312],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$k=3$":[313],"</tex-math></inline-formula>),":[314],"consumes":[318],"13.4%":[319],"less":[320],"than":[322],"energy-efficient":[325],"competing":[326],"design":[328],"(S-SINC+),":[329],"achieving":[331],"similarly":[333],"excellent":[334],"median":[335],"43.74dB":[339],"PSNR":[340],"0.995":[342],"SSIM.":[343]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}