{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401907585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2024.3450527","title":"Stealthy Backdoor Attack against Federated Learning through Frequency Domain by Backdoor Neuron Constraint and Model Camouflage","display_name":"Stealthy Backdoor Attack against Federated Learning through Frequency Domain by Backdoor Neuron Constraint and Model Camouflage","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401907585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2024.3450527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2024.3450527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2024.3450527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2024.3450527","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005473976","display_name":"Yanqi Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0180-0096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanqi Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0180-0096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046760448","display_name":"Dazhuang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-1264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dazhuang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7250-1264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431156","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-3631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-3631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001485404","display_name":"Kaitai Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-7678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-7678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005473976"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7460472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.9932311177253723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camouflage","display_name":"Camouflage","score":0.8829904794692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6062965393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5478730201721191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5181199908256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.5180854797363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4550718367099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45401185750961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20551207661628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.19509238004684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.0696738064289093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.9932311177253723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776196576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196113","display_name":"Camouflage","level":2,"score":0.8829904794692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6062965393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5478730201721191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5181199908256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.5180854797363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4550718367099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45401185750961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20551207661628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.19509238004684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0696738064289093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2024.3450527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2024.3450527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:14851760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2024.3450527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 2024, 14(4), 661 - 672, (2024-08-27)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:14851760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2024.3450527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 2024, 14(4), 661 - 672, (2024-08-27)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3179399891","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101070627","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3261283721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101070052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7914077099","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101073920","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151377110","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2774423163","https://openalex.org/W2788816110","https://openalex.org/W2962763344","https://openalex.org/W2990595670","https://openalex.org/W2994720379","https://openalex.org/W3016319588","https://openalex.org/W3043758338","https://openalex.org/W3087391814","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3127520698","https://openalex.org/W3138153888","https://openalex.org/W3138597937","https://openalex.org/W3175919946","https://openalex.org/W3200840849","https://openalex.org/W3207378505","https://openalex.org/W4221129260","https://openalex.org/W4283801341","https://openalex.org/W4288057793","https://openalex.org/W4289147229","https://openalex.org/W4290948380","https://openalex.org/W4293363185","https://openalex.org/W4312231739","https://openalex.org/W4312280786","https://openalex.org/W4312569687","https://openalex.org/W4361983129","https://openalex.org/W4368232849","https://openalex.org/W4377713808","https://openalex.org/W4385187226","https://openalex.org/W4385338532","https://openalex.org/W4391250546","https://openalex.org/W4396817384","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6732298257","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6743821447","https://openalex.org/W6746897123","https://openalex.org/W6748019269","https://openalex.org/W6748786018","https://openalex.org/W6752600739","https://openalex.org/W6756756286","https://openalex.org/W6756840679","https://openalex.org/W6758201434","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6763810570","https://openalex.org/W6771533808","https://openalex.org/W6776117634","https://openalex.org/W6779468803","https://openalex.org/W6780640148","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6791444617","https://openalex.org/W6799246147","https://openalex.org/W6810227880","https://openalex.org/W6839074529","https://openalex.org/W6851888872","https://openalex.org/W7056673059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320031223","https://openalex.org/W4200629851","https://openalex.org/W4281902577","https://openalex.org/W4309417370","https://openalex.org/W4292107232","https://openalex.org/W3009072493","https://openalex.org/W4386080799","https://openalex.org/W3140988292","https://openalex.org/W4317672133","https://openalex.org/W4386185023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"Learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,45,50,129,159,199,270],"beneficial":[5],"decentralized":[6],"learning":[7],"approach":[8],"for":[9,65],"preserving":[10],"the":[11,20,29,56,60,69,72,88,94,120,177,190,193,212,221,239,260,281,284],"privacy":[12],"of":[13,16,23,90,116,192,214,283],"local":[14,42,52],"datasets":[15,251],"distributed":[17,21],"agents.":[18],"However,":[19],"property":[22],"FL":[24,80,136,264],"and":[25,48,149,188,228,267],"untrustworthy":[26],"data":[27,43],"introducing":[28],"vulnerability":[30],"to":[31,54,71,100,144,163,169,180,220,231,252],"backdoor":[32,77,131,194,215,222],"attacks.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"attack":[36,132,146,182,273],"scenario,":[37],"an":[38,138,165],"adversary":[39],"manipulates":[40],"its":[41],"with":[44,68,137,249],"specific":[46],"trigger":[47,70,118,140,161,168],"trains":[49],"malicious":[51,205],"model":[53,62,91,107,196,235],"implant":[55],"backdoor.":[57],"During":[58],"inference,":[59],"global":[61,285],"would":[63],"misbehave":[64],"any":[66],"input":[67],"attacker-chosen":[73],"prediction.":[74],"Most":[75],"existing":[76,277],"attacks":[78,97],"against":[79,135,151],"focus":[81],"on":[82,93,106,154,195,225,245],"bypassing":[83],"defense":[84],"mechanisms,":[85],"without":[86,279],"considering":[87],"inspection":[89],"parameters":[92,197,236],"server.":[95],"These":[96],"are":[98],"susceptible":[99],"detection":[101],"through":[102,198],"dynamic":[103],"clustering":[104],"based":[105,224],"parameter":[108],"similarity.":[109],"Besides,":[110],"current":[111],"methods":[112],"provide":[113,253],"limited":[114],"imperceptibility":[115],"their":[117],"in":[119,141],"spatial":[121],"domain.":[122],"To":[123],"address":[124],"these":[125],"limitations,":[126],"we":[127,174],"propose":[128],"stealthy":[130],"called":[133],"\u201cChironex\u201d":[134],"imperceptible":[139,166],"frequency":[142,160,167],"space":[143],"deliver":[145],"effectiveness,":[147],"stealthiness":[148],"robustness":[150,183],"various":[152,246],"countermeasures":[153],"FL.":[155],"We":[156,241],"first":[157],"design":[158],"function":[162],"generate":[164],"evade":[170,259],"human":[171],"inspection.":[172],"Then":[173],"fully":[175],"exploit":[176],"attacker\u2019s":[178],"advantage":[179],"enhance":[181],"by":[184,210,238],"estimating":[185],"benign":[186,208,234],"updates":[187,206],"analyzing":[189],"impact":[191,213],"task-sensitive":[200],"neuron":[201],"searcher.":[202],"It":[203],"disguises":[204],"as":[207],"ones":[209],"reducing":[211],"neurons":[216],"that":[217,256],"greatly":[218],"contribute":[219],"task":[223],"activation":[226],"value,":[227],"encouraging":[229],"them":[230],"update":[232],"towards":[233],"trained":[237],"attacker.":[240],"conduct":[242],"extensive":[243],"experiments":[244],"image":[247],"classifiers":[248],"real-world":[250],"empirical":[254],"evidence":[255],"Chironex":[257],"can":[258],"most":[261],"recent":[262],"robust":[263],"aggregation":[265],"algorithms,":[266],"further":[268],"achieve":[269],"distinctly":[271],"higher":[272],"success":[274],"rate":[275],"than":[276],"attacks,":[278],"undermining":[280],"utility":[282],"model.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}