{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321021066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2023.3244183","title":"Delta Sigma Modulator-Based Dividers for Accurate and Low Latency Stochastic Computing Systems","display_name":"Delta Sigma Modulator-Based Dividers for Accurate and Low Latency Stochastic Computing Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321021066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2023.3244183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2023.3244183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2023.3244183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://oa.upm.es/76671/3/DSMdivider_JETCAS_R2_v1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075788694","display_name":"Xiaochen Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2590-5810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochen Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100417119","display_name":"Shanshan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-2880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA","School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064837871","display_name":"Farzad Niknia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-3638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzad Niknia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717659","display_name":"Ziheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9668-7318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005839811","display_name":"Siting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-8183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA","School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080322790","display_name":"Pedro Reviriego","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-5234"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Reviriego","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier&#x00ED;a de Sistemas Telem&#x00E1;ticos, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier&#x00ED;a de Sistemas Telem&#x00E1;ticos, Universidad Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001979328","display_name":"Fabrizio Lombardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3152-3245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Lombardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075788694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7985,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7175803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"270","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-sigma-modulation","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","score":0.7316351532936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigma","display_name":"Sigma","score":0.5054242610931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.491342693567276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.44498705863952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.42791515588760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4167449474334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39972949028015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.39625275135040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3589005768299103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.33227086067199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32362890243530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3033161163330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24430561065673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.19292840361595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.15176773071289062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.13042759895324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.10383632779121399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68754193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184820","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","level":3,"score":0.7316351532936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512234","display_name":"Sigma","level":2,"score":0.5054242610931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.491342693567276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.44498705863952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.42791515588760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4167449474334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39972949028015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.39625275135040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3589005768299103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.33227086067199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32362890243530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3033161163330078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24430561065673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.19292840361595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.15176773071289062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.13042759895324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.10383632779121399}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2023.3244183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2023.3244183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oa.upm.es:76671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://oa.upm.es/76671/","pdf_url":"https://oa.upm.es/76671/3/DSMdivider_JETCAS_R2_v1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196323","display_name":"UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","host_organization_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, ISSN 2156-3365, 2023, Vol. 13, No. 1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:oa.upm.es:76671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://oa.upm.es/76671/","pdf_url":"https://oa.upm.es/76671/3/DSMdivider_JETCAS_R2_v1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196323","display_name":"UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","host_organization_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, ISSN 2156-3365, 2023, Vol. 13, No. 1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G106262552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1953961","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321021066.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321021066.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605564925","https://openalex.org/W1968016286","https://openalex.org/W1993927936","https://openalex.org/W2001610032","https://openalex.org/W2010588734","https://openalex.org/W2032548797","https://openalex.org/W2055341514","https://openalex.org/W2098470668","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2151770284","https://openalex.org/W2153505774","https://openalex.org/W2489755100","https://openalex.org/W2514875757","https://openalex.org/W2517705978","https://openalex.org/W2518922124","https://openalex.org/W2533474659","https://openalex.org/W2549630556","https://openalex.org/W2791777778","https://openalex.org/W2794935685","https://openalex.org/W2806841295","https://openalex.org/W2870050732","https://openalex.org/W2897105431","https://openalex.org/W2924292441","https://openalex.org/W2967456992","https://openalex.org/W3036162145","https://openalex.org/W3047774572","https://openalex.org/W3102507082","https://openalex.org/W3148954376","https://openalex.org/W4206560363","https://openalex.org/W4243261588","https://openalex.org/W4288057922","https://openalex.org/W6763016938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2800155864","https://openalex.org/W2770413419","https://openalex.org/W2955267291","https://openalex.org/W4200623496","https://openalex.org/W4322624379","https://openalex.org/W2294708870","https://openalex.org/W3157606747","https://openalex.org/W4233608695","https://openalex.org/W2357510646","https://openalex.org/W3013369163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stochastic":[0],"computing":[1],"(SC)":[2],"has":[3],"received":[4],"considerable":[5],"research":[6],"interest":[7],"in":[8,31,117,256],"the":[9,22,27,65,68,90,101,106,118,170,193,196,206,210,216,219,223,228,237,241],"past":[10],"decade.":[11],"Significant":[12],"efforts":[13],"have":[14],"been":[15],"devoted":[16],"to":[17,138,191,205,232,249],"reducing":[18],"computation":[19,70],"latency":[20],"for":[21,61,95,159],"stochastic":[23,55,81,214],"divider,":[24,215],"which":[25],"is":[26,124,134,147],"most":[28,211],"complex":[29],"unit":[30],"SC.":[32],"However,":[33],"current":[34],"SC":[35,46,69,247],"systems":[36],"still":[37],"lack":[38],"dividers":[39,56,221],"that":[40,133,203],"can":[41],"timely":[42],"operate":[43,250],"with":[44,105,126,209,251],"other":[45],"units":[47],"by":[48,230],"aligned":[49,252],"processing":[50],"periods.":[51],"Moreover,":[52,140],"all":[53],"existing":[54,108,213],"cannot":[57],"perform":[58],"accurate":[59],"division":[60,153],"input":[62],"values":[63],"near":[64],"center":[66],"of":[67,110,115,120,157,172,195,218,227],"range.":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73],"proposes":[74],"two":[75],"Delta":[76],"Sigma":[77],"Modulator":[78],"(DSM)":[79],"based":[80],"dividers.":[82],"The":[83,199],"proposed":[84,197,220,242],"first-order":[85],"DSM-based":[86,145],"divider":[87,109,146,243],"significantly":[88],"reduces":[89,222],"additional":[91,121,166],"clock":[92,122,167],"cycles":[93,123],"needed":[94],"division,":[96],"and":[97,162,234],"also":[98],"slightly":[99,174,235],"increases":[100],"accuracy":[102,154],"(e.g.,":[103,155],"compared":[104,204],"fastest":[107],"10-bit":[111,160],"resolution,":[112],"a":[113,141,151,173,188,257],"reduction":[114],"87.5%":[116],"number":[119],"accomplished,":[125],"an":[127,179,246],"average":[128],"mean":[129],"square":[130],"error":[131],"(MSE)":[132],"decreased":[135],"from":[136],"10\u22123.9":[137],"10\u22124.0).":[139],"fully":[142],"compatible":[143],"second-order":[144],"proposed.":[148],"It":[149],"achieves":[150],"higher":[152],"MSE":[156],"10\u22124.7":[158],"resolution)":[161],"does":[163],"not":[164],"require":[165],"cycles,":[168],"at":[169],"cost":[171],"increased":[175],"hardware":[176,225],"overhead.":[177],"As":[178],"emerging":[180],"application,":[181],"SC-based":[182],"neural":[183],"networks":[184],"are":[185],"implemented":[186],"as":[187],"case":[189],"study":[190],"evaluate":[192],"advantages":[194],"designs.":[198],"synthesis":[200],"results":[201],"show":[202],"network":[207,229],"implementation":[208],"efficient":[212],"use":[217],"total":[224],"overhead":[226],"32.0%":[231],"46.6%,":[233],"improves":[236],"classification":[238],"accuracy.":[239],"Overall,":[240],"designs":[244],"enable":[245],"system":[248],"timing,":[253],"so":[254],"resulting":[255],"better":[258],"implementation.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
