{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293704393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3200837","title":"Graph Kernels Encoding Features of All Subgraphs by Quantum Superposition","display_name":"Graph Kernels Encoding Features of All Subgraphs by Quantum Superposition","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293704393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3200837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2022.3200837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3200837","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5503868/9915329/09870677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5503868/9915329/09870677.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023067968","display_name":"Kaito Kishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3461-847X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaito Kishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","Fujitsu Ltd., Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujitsu Ltd., Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042957140","display_name":"Takahiko Satoh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-5549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiko Satoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Computing Center, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-5549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Computing Center, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028489255","display_name":"Rudy Raymond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1005-6705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudy Raymond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Computing Center, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","IBM Quantum, IBM Research, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1005-6705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Computing Center, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Quantum, IBM Research, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071299671","display_name":"Naoki Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-4608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoki Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Computing Center and the Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-4608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Computing Center and the Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025573915","display_name":"Yasubumi Sakakibara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6932-3452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasubumi Sakakibara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9295,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78248521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"602","last_page":"613"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6376438140869141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superposition-principle","display_name":"Superposition principle","score":0.6158060431480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5222795009613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.49817609786987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45701152086257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.44670307636260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.4206221401691437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.41031894087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.37409353256225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.354642391204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3216766119003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22724369168281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21634328365325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.19752907752990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.07881507277488708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6376438140869141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.6158060431480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5222795009613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.49817609786987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45701152086257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.44670307636260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.4206221401691437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.41031894087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.37409353256225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.354642391204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3216766119003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22724369168281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21634328365325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.19752907752990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.07881507277488708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2022.3200837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3200837","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5503868/9915329/09870677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2022.3200837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3200837","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5503868/9915329/09870677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3036717327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMXS0118067285","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4023031295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMXS0120319794","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4627739467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP-MXS0120319794","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5915256019","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20H05966","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7501190351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20H05966","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293704393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293704393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21934178","https://openalex.org/W1492230849","https://openalex.org/W1816257748","https://openalex.org/W1973848216","https://openalex.org/W1977340881","https://openalex.org/W2008857988","https://openalex.org/W2025167103","https://openalex.org/W2056562706","https://openalex.org/W2079692740","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2098689079","https://openalex.org/W2099438806","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2121981260","https://openalex.org/W2129893339","https://openalex.org/W2147286743","https://openalex.org/W2161201865","https://openalex.org/W2207520826","https://openalex.org/W2295267275","https://openalex.org/W2559394418","https://openalex.org/W2718964918","https://openalex.org/W2736592352","https://openalex.org/W2792946961","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2810528554","https://openalex.org/W2947622185","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3003413895","https://openalex.org/W3028283557","https://openalex.org/W3037687232","https://openalex.org/W3102885034","https://openalex.org/W3110683067","https://openalex.org/W3175449596","https://openalex.org/W3207479555","https://openalex.org/W6600849757","https://openalex.org/W6628717828","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6682443497","https://openalex.org/W6683120118","https://openalex.org/W6752012279","https://openalex.org/W6758327135","https://openalex.org/W6786768871","https://openalex.org/W7065437122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308749380","https://openalex.org/W2037841693","https://openalex.org/W2372481764","https://openalex.org/W1977264433","https://openalex.org/W2746368218","https://openalex.org/W4308448008","https://openalex.org/W2347371661","https://openalex.org/W2012943989","https://openalex.org/W3005471417","https://openalex.org/W2287286086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graph":[0],"kernels":[1,28],"are":[2],"often":[3],"used":[4,20,141],"in":[5,117,160],"bioinformatics":[6,153],"and":[7],"network":[8],"applications":[9],"to":[10,21,35,56,70,86,132,142,157],"measure":[11,57,71],"the":[12,36,72,81,97,100,110,114,118,125,134,138,144,163],"similarity":[13,73],"between":[14],"graphs;":[15],"therefore,":[16],"they":[17],"may":[18],"be":[19],"construct":[22,133],"efficient":[23,106],"graph":[24,27,45,63,173],"classifiers.":[25],"Many":[26],"have":[29],"been":[30],"developed":[31],"thus":[32],"far,":[33],"but":[34],"best":[37],"of":[38,83,93,99,113,151],"our":[39],"knowledge":[40],"there":[41],"is":[42,155],"no":[43],"existing":[44,172],"kernel":[46,64,166],"that":[47,65,108,124],"uses":[48],"some":[49],"features":[50],"explicitly":[51],"extracted":[52],"from":[53,75],"all":[54,76],"subgraphs":[55,77,115],"similarity.":[58],"We":[59,121],"propose":[60],"a":[61,67,91,152],"novel":[62],"applies":[66],"quantum":[68,84,101,119,126,165],"computer":[69,127],"obtained":[74],"by":[78],"fully":[79],"exploiting":[80],"power":[82],"superposition":[85],"encode":[87],"every":[88],"subgraph":[89],"into":[90],"feature":[92,135],"particular":[94],"form.":[95],"For":[96],"construction":[98],"kernel,":[102],"we":[103],"develop":[104],"an":[105],"protocol":[107],"clears":[109],"index":[111],"information":[112],"encoded":[116],"state.":[120],"also":[122],"prove":[123],"requires":[128],"less":[129],"query":[130],"complexity":[131],"vector":[136],"than":[137,171],"classical":[139],"sampler":[140],"approximate":[143],"same":[145],"vector.":[146],"A":[147],"detailed":[148],"numerical":[149],"simulation":[150],"problem":[154],"presented":[156],"demonstrate":[158],"that,":[159],"many":[161],"cases,":[162],"proposed":[164],"achieves":[167],"better":[168],"classification":[169],"accuracy":[170],"kernels.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2022-08-31T00:00:00"}