{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205927411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3144443","title":"Assessing the Robustness of Cyber-Physical Power Systems by Considering Wide-Area Protection Functions","display_name":"Assessing the Robustness of Cyber-Physical Power Systems by Considering Wide-Area Protection Functions","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205927411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3144443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2022.3144443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3144443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430806","display_name":"Xi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-3292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100642577","display_name":"Hongwei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3639-0218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021923917","display_name":"Chi K. Tse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-3999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi K. Tse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100430806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1541,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91551439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"107","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7903674840927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5724793672561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.5505802035331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5386967062950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.48700982332229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4290333390235901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3972429037094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.35951125621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34922513365745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.33524757623672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.32994726300239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.31563523411750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20664379000663757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7903674840927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5724793672561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.5505802035331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5386967062950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.48700982332229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4290333390235901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3972429037094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35951125621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34922513365745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.33524757623672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.32994726300239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31563523411750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20664379000663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2022.3144443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2022.3144443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1727565534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"152150/19E","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5955373115","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803351","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G710080125","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9380114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327514","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1945760464","https://openalex.org/W1968164782","https://openalex.org/W2072307861","https://openalex.org/W2086733494","https://openalex.org/W2106253517","https://openalex.org/W2324861975","https://openalex.org/W2342570717","https://openalex.org/W2593917636","https://openalex.org/W2613358715","https://openalex.org/W2616862267","https://openalex.org/W2617631619","https://openalex.org/W2620766358","https://openalex.org/W2769051030","https://openalex.org/W2793390856","https://openalex.org/W2892495368","https://openalex.org/W2915350869","https://openalex.org/W2959840038","https://openalex.org/W3016569011","https://openalex.org/W3107095369","https://openalex.org/W3159960900","https://openalex.org/W3184824629","https://openalex.org/W3216833395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2532099551","https://openalex.org/W1914681266","https://openalex.org/W2122058173","https://openalex.org/W2155742919","https://openalex.org/W3091362923","https://openalex.org/W2137158307","https://openalex.org/W2171781874","https://openalex.org/W2315510390","https://openalex.org/W2791359615","https://openalex.org/W2152290689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,10,21,32,44,51,55,59,65,72,92,97,108,136,142,148,157,163],"deepening":[2],"deployment":[3],"of":[4,23,34,54,150,165],"information":[5],"and":[6,38,58,96,131,156],"communication":[7],"technologies":[8],"(ICT),":[9],"cyber":[11,66,146],"network":[12,57,67],"is":[13,68],"playing":[14],"an":[15],"increasingly":[16],"important":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19,78],"determining":[20],"performance":[22],"a":[24,79],"power":[25,36,81,93,99,167],"system.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"we":[30],"assess":[31],"robustness":[33,109,164],"cyber-physical":[35,80],"systems":[37],"examine":[39],"various":[40],"impact":[41],"factors":[42],"on":[43,71,121],"system\u2019s":[45],"robustness.":[46],"A":[47],"model":[48],"that":[49],"integrates":[50],"operating":[52],"characteristics":[53],"physical":[56],"wide-area":[60,153],"protection":[61,154],"functions":[62],"provided":[63],"by":[64,84,110,160],"proposed.":[69],"Based":[70],"model,":[73],"cascading":[74,113],"failure":[75,114],"propagation":[76],"processes":[77],"system":[82],"triggered":[83],"initial":[85],"failures":[86],"are":[87,103],"simulated.":[88],"Two":[89],"statistical":[90],"metrics,":[91],"outage":[94,100],"risk":[95],"cumulative":[98],"size":[101],"distribution,":[102],"then":[104],"used":[105],"to":[106,144],"quantify":[107],"processing":[111],"numerous":[112],"simulation":[115],"results.":[116],"We":[117],"conduct":[118],"case":[119],"studies":[120],"IEEE":[122,125,128],"57":[123],"Bus,":[124,127,130],"118":[126],"145":[129],"UIUC":[132],"300":[133],"Bus":[134],"with":[135],"proposed":[137],"method.":[138],"Simulation":[139],"results":[140],"demonstrate":[141],"necessity":[143],"consider":[145],"coupling,":[147],"importance":[149],"developing":[151],"advanced":[152],"algorithms,":[155],"threat":[158],"posed":[159],"cyberattacks":[161],"compromising":[162],"cyber-coupled":[166],"systems.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}