{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2940345045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911739","title":"E-LSTM: An Efficient Hardware Architecture for Long Short-Term Memory","display_name":"E-LSTM: An Efficient Hardware Architecture for Long Short-Term Memory","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2940345045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911739","mag":"2940345045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100785858","display_name":"Meiqi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9553-3640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9553-3640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100757049","display_name":"Zhisheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-5883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhisheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-5883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059107361","display_name":"Jinming Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7134-6514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinming Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7134-6514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019940239","display_name":"Jun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-4333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696999","display_name":"Zhongfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-4786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-4786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8546,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96682158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"280","last_page":"291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6196823120117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.4698699414730072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.42061564326286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3798588216304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35765188932418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3343767523765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.327609658241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18153539299964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.1356578767299652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6196823120117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.4698699414730072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.42061564326286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3798588216304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35765188932418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3343767523765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.327609658241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18153539299964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.1356578767299652}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1941337620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"021014380065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2800660313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"021014380087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4112626697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61774082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4988504959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61604068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1815076433","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1986198459","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069234752","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2116435618","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2172140247","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2291160084","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2547338733","https://openalex.org/W2557257847","https://openalex.org/W2585720638","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2730834423","https://openalex.org/W2770159745","https://openalex.org/W2803834712","https://openalex.org/W2810626649","https://openalex.org/W2811080765","https://openalex.org/W2904773682","https://openalex.org/W2949335953","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2952607093","https://openalex.org/W2962820060","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W3125484574","https://openalex.org/W3127686677","https://openalex.org/W6638545294","https://openalex.org/W6677326919","https://openalex.org/W6789826613","https://openalex.org/W6898505805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115140794","https://openalex.org/W2041120224","https://openalex.org/W4249530125","https://openalex.org/W1944601446","https://openalex.org/W2502533382","https://openalex.org/W87529998","https://openalex.org/W4247547172","https://openalex.org/W1504320321","https://openalex.org/W2067902980","https://openalex.org/W3152699334"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Long":[0],"Short-Term":[1],"Memory":[2],"(LSTM)":[3],"and":[4,20,38,45,50,60,84,92,125,135,150,172,200],"its":[5],"variants":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"widely":[9],"adopted":[10],"in":[11],"many":[12],"sequential":[13],"learning":[14],"tasks,":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17],"speech":[18],"recognition":[19],"machine":[21],"translation.":[22],"Significant":[23],"accuracy":[24,106],"improvements":[25],"can":[26],"be":[27],"achieved":[28],"using":[29],"complex":[30],"LSTM":[31,64,116,210],"model":[32,58,90],"with":[33,104,175,207],"a":[34],"large":[35],"memory":[36,137,147],"requirement":[37],"high":[39,176],"computational":[40],"complexity,":[41],"which":[42,119,143],"is":[43,132,140,159,193],"time-consuming":[44],"energy":[46],"demanding.":[47],"The":[48,129],"low-latency":[49],"energy-efficiency":[51],"requirements":[52],"of":[53,95,123,166],"the":[54,89,93,114,121,136,145,155,167,190,208],"real-world":[55],"applications":[56],"make":[57,163],"compression":[59,74],"hardware":[61,110,177,204],"acceleration":[62],"for":[63,112],"an":[65],"urgent":[66],"need.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"several":[71],"hardware-efficient":[72],"network":[73],"schemes":[75],"are":[76,117],"introduced":[77,169],"first,":[78],"including":[79],"structured":[80],"top-$k$pruning,":[81],"clipped":[82,173],"gating,":[83],"multiplication-free":[85],"quantization,":[86],"to":[87,162,195],"reduce":[88],"size":[91],"number":[94],"matrix":[96],"operations":[97],"by":[98,170],"32$\\times":[99],"$and":[100],"21.6$\\times":[101],"$,":[102],"respectively,":[103],"negligible":[105],"loss.":[107],"Furthermore,":[108],"efficient":[109],"architectures":[111],"accelerating":[113],"compressed":[115],"proposed,":[118],"support":[120],"inference":[122],"multi-layer":[124],"multiple":[126],"time":[127],"steps.":[128],"computation":[130],"process":[131],"judiciously":[133],"reorganized":[134],"access":[138],"pattern":[139],"well":[141],"optimized,":[142],"alleviate":[144],"limited":[146],"bandwidth":[148],"bottleneck":[149],"enable":[151],"higher":[152],"throughput.":[153],"Moreover,":[154],"parallel":[156],"processing":[157],"strategy":[158],"carefully":[160],"designed":[161],"full":[164],"use":[165],"sparsity":[168],"pruning":[171],"gating":[174],"utilization":[178],"efficiency.":[179],"Implemented":[180],"on":[181],"Intel":[182],"Arria10":[183],"S$\\times":[184],"$660":[185],"FPGA":[186],"running":[187],"at":[188],"200MHz,":[189],"proposed":[191],"design":[192],"able":[194],"achieve":[196],"1.4\u20132.2$\\times":[197],"$energy":[198],"efficiency":[199],"requires":[201],"significantly":[202],"less":[203],"resources":[205],"compared":[206],"state-of-the-art":[209],"implementations.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T07:12:00.856984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}