{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2940235710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911537","title":"Analog-to-Digital Conversion With Reconfigurable Function Mapping for Neural Networks Activation Function Acceleration","display_name":"Analog-to-Digital Conversion With Reconfigurable Function Mapping for Neural Networks Activation Function Acceleration","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2940235710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911537","mag":"2940235710"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065617345","display_name":"Massimo Giordano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7012-4135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Giordano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037665454","display_name":"Giorgio Cristiano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Cristiano","raw_affiliation_strings":["DITET, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DITET, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059209567","display_name":"Koji Ishibashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-5622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320697193","display_name":"Canon (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gg0gh87","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320697193"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koji Ishibashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320697193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028455655","display_name":"Stefano Ambrogio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5475-4209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Ambrogio","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086723230","display_name":"Hsinyu Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-097X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsinyu Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014981734","display_name":"Geoffrey W. Burr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-2549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey W. Burr","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-2549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058290381","display_name":"Pritish Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-0059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pritish Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-0059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0586,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87146186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"367","last_page":"376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7188330888748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-function","display_name":"Activation function","score":0.6667943000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4857059419155121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.478990763425827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.45644527673721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.451396644115448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.43968039751052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.41834089159965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3859671354293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37309369444847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3395611047744751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18843507766723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15514522790908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1093984842300415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7188330888748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.6667943000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4857059419155121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.478990763425827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.45644527673721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.451396644115448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.43968039751052856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41834089159965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3859671354293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37309369444847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3395611047744751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18843507766723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15514522790908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1093984842300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2019.2911537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64517251","https://openalex.org/W570991243","https://openalex.org/W940582313","https://openalex.org/W1543691900","https://openalex.org/W1546490615","https://openalex.org/W1605818583","https://openalex.org/W1937359183","https://openalex.org/W1979585071","https://openalex.org/W1991059746","https://openalex.org/W2017332013","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2107712601","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2116555433","https://openalex.org/W2127565137","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2146671577","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2165000465","https://openalex.org/W2172140247","https://openalex.org/W2196651611","https://openalex.org/W2219959730","https://openalex.org/W2245695429","https://openalex.org/W2248343118","https://openalex.org/W2248832573","https://openalex.org/W2273094019","https://openalex.org/W2293245302","https://openalex.org/W2302086703","https://openalex.org/W2305490512","https://openalex.org/W2307193480","https://openalex.org/W2318614442","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2560615381","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2740220207","https://openalex.org/W2751084147","https://openalex.org/W2758822252","https://openalex.org/W2803163155","https://openalex.org/W2882313602","https://openalex.org/W2888961626","https://openalex.org/W2898985762","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2927477453","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2965436717","https://openalex.org/W3104147253","https://openalex.org/W3141521821","https://openalex.org/W6648322874","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6690960458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W3110577345","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2048582679","https://openalex.org/W2782226720","https://openalex.org/W3155846967"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"acceleration":[1],"of":[2,17,36,48,157,160,179,195,224,242],"deep":[3],"neural":[4],"networks":[5],"(DNNs)":[6],"using":[7,188],"non-volatile":[8],"memory":[9],"arrays":[10],"has":[11],"the":[12,29,34,37,49,59,131,136,158,163,182,189,212,220,225,229,251],"potential":[13],"to":[14,63,91,124,170,257,263],"achieve":[15],"orders":[16],"magnitude":[18],"power":[19,230],"and":[20,66,110,134,173,185,197,208,222,227,231],"performance":[21,137,232],"benefits":[22],"versus":[23],"digital":[24,100,164],"von-Neumann":[25],"architectures":[26],"by":[27,99,215],"implementing":[28,180],"critical":[30],"multiply-accumulate":[31],"operations":[32],"at":[33,58],"location":[35],"weight":[38],"data.":[39],"However,":[40],"realizing":[41],"these":[42],"system-level":[43],"improvements":[44],"requires":[45],"careful":[46],"consideration":[47],"circuit":[50,119],"design":[51,167],"tradeoffs":[52],"involved.":[53],"For":[54],"instance,":[55],"neuron":[56,202],"circuitry":[57],"periphery,":[60],"in":[61,248],"addition":[62],"accumulating":[64],"current":[65],"having":[67],"mechanisms":[68],"for":[69,245],"routing,":[70],"must":[71],"also":[72,205],"implement":[73],"a":[74,82,113,144,155,238],"non-linear":[75,152],"activation":[76,183],"function":[77,146,184],"(for":[78,84],"forward":[79],"propagate)":[80],"or":[81],"derivative":[83,187],"reverse":[85],"propagate).":[86],"While":[87],"it":[88,176],"is":[89,105,168,177,193,255],"possible":[90],"do":[92],"this":[93,103,140],"with":[94],"analog-to-digital":[95],"converters":[96],"(ADCs)":[97],"followed":[98,214],"arithmetic":[101],"circuitry,":[102],"approach":[104,226],"powerhungry,":[106],"suffers":[107],"from":[108],"undersampling,":[109],"could":[111],"occupy":[112],"large":[114,118],"area":[115],"footprint.":[116],"These":[117],"blocks":[120],"may":[121],"therefore":[122],"need":[123],"be":[125,258],"time-multiplexed":[126],"across":[127,200],"multiple":[128],"neurons,":[129],"reducing":[130],"overall":[132],"parallelism":[133],"diminishing":[135],"benefits.":[138],"In":[139],"paper,":[141],"we":[142],"propose":[143],"new":[145],"mapping":[147],"ADC":[148],"that":[149],"directly":[150],"implements":[151],"functions":[153],"as":[154],"part":[156],"process":[159],"conversion":[161,199,240],"into":[162],"domain.":[165],"The":[166,234],"applicable":[169],"both":[171,181],"inference":[172],"training,":[174],"since":[175],"capable":[178,194],"its":[186],"same":[190],"hardware.":[191],"It":[192],"fast":[196],"parallel":[198],"all":[201],"values,":[203],"while":[204,250],"being":[206],"flexible":[207],"reconfigurable.":[209],"We":[210],"describe":[211],"design,":[213],"detailed":[216],"circuit-level":[217],"simulations":[218],"demonstrating":[219],"viability":[221],"flexibility":[223],"quantifying":[228],"numbers.":[233],"simulation":[235],"results":[236],"show":[237],"total":[239,252],"time":[241],"207":[243],"ns":[244],"512":[246],"neurons":[247],"parallel,":[249],"energy":[253],"consumption":[254],"found":[256],"9.95":[259],"nJ,":[260],"which":[261],"corresponds":[262],"19.4":[264],"pJ":[265],"per":[266],"neuron.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}