{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804911288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2018.2835809","title":"Energy Efficient Neural Computing: A Study of Cross-Layer Approximations","display_name":"Energy Efficient Neural Computing: A Study of Cross-Layer Approximations","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804911288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2018.2835809","mag":"2804911288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2018.2835809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2018.2835809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072122272","display_name":"Syed Shakib Sarwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0086-1076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Shakib Sarwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0086-1076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011164681","display_name":"Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-8545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-8545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690519","display_name":"Bing Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-4432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-4432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038087208","display_name":"Parami Wijesinghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-6920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parami Wijesinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-6920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003606780","display_name":"Akhilesh Jaiswal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9911-2624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhilesh Jaiswal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9911-2624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050310538","display_name":"Priyadarshini Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-6782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyadarshini Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-6782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065766721","display_name":"Anand Raghunathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4624-564X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Raghunathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031161187","display_name":"Kaushik Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-9695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5251,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90035054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"796","last_page":"809"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7790488004684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7286053895950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.6587545871734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6044427156448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.49701884388923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4950212836265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.48864680528640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.45735397934913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.4442094564437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4067372679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2924257814884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11080029606819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10769280791282654}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7790488004684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7286053895950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.6587545871734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6044427156448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.49701884388923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4950212836265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.48864680528640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.45735397934913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.4442094564437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4067372679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2924257814884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11080029606819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10769280791282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2018.2835809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2018.2835809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307102","display_name":"Intel Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332222","display_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1669276382","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1799366690","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1998917233","https://openalex.org/W2000747118","https://openalex.org/W2025835468","https://openalex.org/W2028166238","https://openalex.org/W2030922317","https://openalex.org/W2035570353","https://openalex.org/W2055920531","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117648153","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2125203716","https://openalex.org/W2143901474","https://openalex.org/W2151608824","https://openalex.org/W2157210245","https://openalex.org/W2171894735","https://openalex.org/W2187281534","https://openalex.org/W2198190323","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2289254158","https://openalex.org/W2289567715","https://openalex.org/W2323986115","https://openalex.org/W2419597278","https://openalex.org/W2464177207","https://openalex.org/W2513554817","https://openalex.org/W2524428287","https://openalex.org/W2566876368","https://openalex.org/W2614286896","https://openalex.org/W2767737961","https://openalex.org/W2786806632","https://openalex.org/W2950894517","https://openalex.org/W2964200805","https://openalex.org/W3101446407","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W6677845609","https://openalex.org/W6682052137","https://openalex.org/W6686999899","https://openalex.org/W6696152683","https://openalex.org/W6696180080","https://openalex.org/W6731526971","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W3088108839","https://openalex.org/W4300560302","https://openalex.org/W992687842","https://openalex.org/W3013241373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2,129],"(DNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,122],"the":[7,24,46,60,63,83,89,106,112,149,159,192],"state-of-the-art":[8],"technique":[9],"in":[10,23,96,148,177],"a":[11,79,101,187],"wide":[12],"range":[13],"of":[14,27,50,91,108,115,126,133,141],"machine":[15],"learning":[16],"tasks":[17],"for":[18,81,111,180,190],"analytics":[19],"and":[20,31,153,168],"computer":[21],"vision":[22],"next":[25],"generation":[26],"embedded":[28],"(mobile,":[29],"IoT,":[30],"wearable)":[32],"devices.":[33],"Despite":[34],"their":[35],"success,":[36],"they":[37],"suffer":[38],"from":[39,88,200],"high":[40],"energy":[41,69,178,198],"requirements.":[42,183],"In":[43],"recent":[44],"years,":[45],"inherent":[47],"error":[48],"resiliency":[49],"DNNs":[51],"has":[52],"been":[53],"exploited":[54],"by":[55],"introducing":[56],"approximations":[57,92,110,119],"at":[58,93],"either":[59],"algorithmic":[61],"or":[62],"hardware":[64],"levels":[65,95],"(individually)":[66],"to":[67,104,195],"obtain":[68],"savings":[70],"while":[71],"incurring":[72],"tolerable":[73],"accuracy":[74],"degradation.":[75],"However,":[76],"there":[77],"is":[78],"need":[80],"investigating":[82],"overall":[84],"energy-accuracy":[85],"trade-offs":[86],"arising":[87],"introduction":[90],"different":[94,181],"complex":[97],"DNNs.":[98,117,202],"We":[99],"perform":[100],"comprehensive":[102],"analysis":[103],"determine":[105],"effectiveness":[107],"cross-layer":[109,172],"energy-efficient":[113],"realization":[114],"large-scale":[116],"The":[118],"considered":[120],"are":[121],"follows:":[123],"1)":[124],"use":[125],"lower":[127],"complexity":[128],"(containing":[130],"lesser":[131],"number":[132],"layers":[134],"and/or":[135],"neurons":[136],"per":[137],"layer);":[138],"2)":[139],"pruning":[140],"synaptic":[142,160],"weights;":[143],"3)":[144],"approximate":[145,155,201],"multiplication":[146],"operation":[147],"neuronal":[150],"multiply-and-accumulate":[151],"computation;":[152],"4)":[154],"write/read":[156],"operations":[157],"to/from":[158],"memory.":[161],"Our":[162],"experiments":[163],"on":[164],"recognition":[165],"benchmarks":[166],"(MNIST":[167],"CIFAR10)":[169],"show":[170],"that":[171],"approximation":[173,193],"provides":[174],"substantial":[175],"improvements":[176],"efficiency":[179],"accuracy/quality":[182],"Furthermore,":[184],"we":[185],"propose":[186],"synergistic":[188],"framework":[189],"combining":[191],"techniques":[194],"achieve":[196],"maximal":[197],"benefits":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}