{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978002406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2015.2398231","title":"Emitter-Coupled Spin-Transistor Logic: Cascaded Spintronic Computing Beyond 10 GHz","display_name":"Emitter-Coupled Spin-Transistor Logic: Cascaded Spintronic Computing Beyond 10 GHz","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978002406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2015.2398231","mag":"1978002406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2015.2398231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2015.2398231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001887370","display_name":"Joseph S. Friedman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-4455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102197404","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud","ror":"https://ror.org/028rypz17","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph S. Friedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Orsay, France","Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Univ Paris Sud - CNRS, Orsay, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Univ Paris Sud - CNRS, Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046952354","display_name":"Bruce W. Wessels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-7097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce W. Wessels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076815775","display_name":"Gokhan Memik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gokhan Memik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036593593","display_name":"Alan V. Sahakian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-0328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan V. Sahakian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","Departments of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001887370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8627257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"17","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10382","display_name":"Quantum and electron transport phenomena","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.7186020612716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pass-transistor-logic","display_name":"Pass transistor logic","score":0.6521778106689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-family","display_name":"Logic family","score":0.6261417865753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emitter-coupled-logic","display_name":"Emitter-coupled logic","score":0.5709365010261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spintronics","display_name":"Spintronics","score":0.5480090975761414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.47375255823135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.45916610956192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4313790202140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42105379700660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistor\u2013transistor-logic","display_name":"Resistor\u2013transistor logic","score":0.4121204614639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-synthesis","display_name":"Logic synthesis","score":0.3769868016242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25643467903137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22706136107444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17408588528633118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.7186020612716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198521697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7142438","display_name":"Pass transistor logic","level":4,"score":0.6521778106689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162454741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173359","display_name":"Logic family","level":4,"score":0.6261417865753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11644886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173552","display_name":"Emitter-coupled logic","level":5,"score":0.5709365010261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207999682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258659","display_name":"Spintronics","level":3,"score":0.5480090975761414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.47375255823135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.45916610956192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4313790202140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42105379700660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180405849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173464","display_name":"Resistor\u2013transistor logic","level":5,"score":0.4121204614639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.3769868016242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25643467903137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22706136107444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17408588528633118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82217956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184207","display_name":"Ferromagnetism","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jetcas.2015.2398231","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2015.2398231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142323794","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"2156-3357","issn":["2156-3357","2156-3365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W258076428","https://openalex.org/W1503384635","https://openalex.org/W1965138858","https://openalex.org/W1976915281","https://openalex.org/W1978392565","https://openalex.org/W1991821708","https://openalex.org/W2010961766","https://openalex.org/W2017528947","https://openalex.org/W2020102938","https://openalex.org/W2022891092","https://openalex.org/W2023212843","https://openalex.org/W2023802633","https://openalex.org/W2033739176","https://openalex.org/W2040579068","https://openalex.org/W2063517113","https://openalex.org/W2073646325","https://openalex.org/W2077813824","https://openalex.org/W2082200991","https://openalex.org/W2091409606","https://openalex.org/W2098809062","https://openalex.org/W2100929284","https://openalex.org/W2112388836","https://openalex.org/W2116705303","https://openalex.org/W2123441024","https://openalex.org/W2126810113","https://openalex.org/W2129549166","https://openalex.org/W2131894786","https://openalex.org/W2142197875","https://openalex.org/W2169757251","https://openalex.org/W2202138637","https://openalex.org/W2793366120","https://openalex.org/W2922164061","https://openalex.org/W3100920036","https://openalex.org/W3104371286","https://openalex.org/W4249971531","https://openalex.org/W6688209939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2586049422","https://openalex.org/W1987376391","https://openalex.org/W2554253794","https://openalex.org/W1485027372","https://openalex.org/W1978002406","https://openalex.org/W2060833522","https://openalex.org/W1663816628","https://openalex.org/W2139885226","https://openalex.org/W1572444763","https://openalex.org/W2970087261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63],"cascading":[1,85,90],"of":[2,12,51,60,81],"logic":[3,14,21,32,36,42,46,53,100,111,136],"gates":[4,37],"is":[5,48,70,119],"a":[6,29,74,139,149],"critical":[7],"challenge":[8],"for":[9,151],"the":[10,19,57,66,79,82,88],"development":[11],"spintronic":[13,31,61,125,153],"circuits.":[15,115],"Here":[16],"we":[17],"propose":[18],"first":[20],"family":[22,33,137],"exploiting":[23],"magnetoresistive":[24],"bipolar":[25],"spin-transistors":[26],"to":[27,72,98,110,121],"achieve":[28],"complete":[30],"in":[34,92,128],"which":[35],"can":[38],"be":[39],"cascaded.":[40],"This":[41,84,135],"family,":[43],"emitter-coupled":[44,52],"spin-transistor":[45],"(ECSTL),":[47],"an":[49],"extension":[50],"(ECL)":[54],"that":[55,77],"leverages":[56],"advanced":[58],"features":[59],"devices.":[62],"current":[64,118],"through":[65],"ECL":[67],"differential":[68],"amplifier":[69],"routed":[71],"create":[73],"magnetic":[75],"field":[76],"modulates":[78],"magnetoamplification":[80],"spin-transistors.":[83],"mechanism":[86],"supplements":[87],"voltage":[89],"available":[91],"conventional":[93,146],"ECL,":[94,147],"providing":[95],"additional":[96,117],"inputs":[97],"each":[99],"stage.":[101],"Each":[102],"gate":[103],"therefore":[104],"has":[105],"increased":[106],"logical":[107],"functionality,":[108],"leading":[109],"minimization":[112],"and":[113,132],"compact":[114],"No":[116],"required":[120],"employ":[122],"this":[123],"added":[124],"switching,":[126],"resulting":[127],"improved":[129],"speed,":[130],"area,":[131],"power":[133],"characteristics.":[134],"achieves":[138],"power-delay":[140],"product":[141],"10-25":[142],"times":[143],"smaller":[144],"than":[145],"inspiring":[148],"pathway":[150],"high-performance":[152],"computing":[154],"beyond":[155],"10":[156],"GHz.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}