{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205990604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jcc53141.2021.00016","title":"Tora: A Trusted Blockchain Oracle Based on a Decentralized TEE Network","display_name":"Tora: A Trusted Blockchain Oracle Based on a Decentralized TEE Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205990604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jcc53141.2021.00016","mag":"3205990604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jcc53141.2021.00016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jcc53141.2021.00016","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Joint Cloud Computing (JCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349902","display_name":"Lili Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0936-8592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lili Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008086385","display_name":"Rui Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5755-0793"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["trustmirror inc., trustmirror inc., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"trustmirror inc., trustmirror inc., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026023746","display_name":"Yubin Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6558-5298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubin Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.138,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8355238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"28","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8150773048400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.6731946468353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6337775588035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6282512545585632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.516523540019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.48732122778892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guard","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","score":0.47196802496910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4718197286128998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.4658416509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-oracle","display_name":"Random oracle","score":0.45864278078079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.418112576007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4138835668563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.25979024171829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.2287428379058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19868960976600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.16799965500831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.12017133831977844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8150773048400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.6731946468353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6337775588035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6282512545585632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.516523540019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48732122778892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.47196802496910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4718197286128998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.4658416509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.45864278078079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.418112576007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4138835668563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.25979024171829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2287428379058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19868960976600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.16799965500831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.12017133831977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jcc53141.2021.00016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jcc53141.2021.00016","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Joint Cloud Computing (JCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098104887","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2599829375","https://openalex.org/W2613229705","https://openalex.org/W2735992466","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2886636392","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W3001001866","https://openalex.org/W3021581127","https://openalex.org/W3046337323","https://openalex.org/W3105175523","https://openalex.org/W4255535209","https://openalex.org/W6754227972","https://openalex.org/W6778035576","https://openalex.org/W6782033241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073713056","https://openalex.org/W3110702597","https://openalex.org/W2125620709","https://openalex.org/W2353572540","https://openalex.org/W4376606592","https://openalex.org/W4249754892","https://openalex.org/W4385847620","https://openalex.org/W2947966431","https://openalex.org/W2773809975","https://openalex.org/W2955225701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"Contracts":[1],"cannot":[2],"get":[3],"external":[4,36],"data":[5,29,37],"directly":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,25,31,38,49],"the":[9,17,100],"closure":[10],"and":[11,34,52,88,124,144,154],"determinacy":[12],"of":[13,19,58,92,114],"blockchain":[14,20,71],"itself,":[15],"limiting":[16],"extensibility":[18],"applications.":[21],"Oracle":[22],"is":[23,94],"proposed":[24],"serve":[26],"as":[27],"a":[28,55,69,75,95,112,128],"feed":[30],"offer":[32],"authenticated":[33],"deterministic":[35],"smart":[39],"contracts.":[40],"However,":[41],"existing":[42,61],"centralized":[43],"oracles":[44,63],"are":[45,64],"efficient":[46],"but":[47],"vulnerable":[48],"targeted":[50],"attacks":[51],"suffering":[53],"from":[54],"single":[56],"point":[57],"failure,":[59],"while":[60],"decentralized":[62,76],"inefficient.":[65],"The":[66,90,146],"paper":[67],"presents":[68],"trusted":[70],"oracle":[72],"based":[73,105],"on":[74,106,116,132],"Trusted":[77],"Execution":[78],"Environment":[79],"(TEE)":[80],"network":[81],"called":[82],"Tora,":[83],"which":[84],"embraces":[85],"both":[86],"efficiency":[87,153],"availability.":[89],"key":[91],"Tora":[93,115,150],"hybrid":[96],"consensus":[97],"mechanism":[98],"with":[99,118,127],"confidential":[101],"available":[102],"group":[103,141],"selection":[104,142],"Proof-of-Availability":[107],"(PoA).":[108],"We":[109],"have":[110],"implemented":[111],"prototype":[113],"Ethereum":[117],"Intel":[119],"Software":[120],"Guard":[121],"eXtensions":[122],"(SGX)":[123],"evaluated":[125],"it":[126],"data-fetch":[129],"use":[130],"case":[131],"different":[133],"measurements,":[134],"including":[135],"gas":[136],"costs,":[137],"off-chain":[138],"execution":[139],"time,":[140],"results":[143,147],"throughput.":[145],"show":[148],"that":[149],"provides":[151],"considerable":[152],"scalability.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
