{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416707496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","title":"DCLA: Deep Cooperative Learning for Advancing Automated Annotation of Electronic Medical Records in Cerebral Palsy","display_name":"DCLA: Deep Cooperative Learning for Advancing Automated Annotation of Electronic Medical Records in Cerebral Palsy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416707496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41296966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114113754","display_name":"Meirong Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meirong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-1938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111344580","display_name":"Qiaofang Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiaofang Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070697728","display_name":"Xiyuan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101363408","display_name":"Yuxia Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159428","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pz4ws32","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxia Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Research Center for Child Health and Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Child Developmental Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China","Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Research Center for Child Health and Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Child Developmental Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372","https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372","https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102197965","display_name":"Xiaoying Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5443-0055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoying Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3211-0488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109202133","display_name":"Min Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159428","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pz4ws32","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Research Center for Child Health and Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Child Developmental Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China","Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Research Center for Child Health and Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Child Developmental Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372","https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372","https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101558316","display_name":"Nong Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6980-5013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159428","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pz4ws32","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Research Center for Child Health and Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Child Developmental Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China","Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Research Center for Child Health and Clinical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Child Developmental Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372","https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87780372","https://openalex.org/I4210159428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019927482","display_name":"Wensheng Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2201-4177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wensheng Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2201-4177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17360662,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"6","first_page":"4861","last_page":"4873"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5432000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5432000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.16760000586509705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11642","display_name":"Genomics and Rare Diseases","score":0.029600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.8061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proofreading","display_name":"Proofreading","score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-record","display_name":"Medical record","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.328000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.8061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.642300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170748874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21117977","display_name":"Proofreading","level":4,"score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5494999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150202949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107602","display_name":"Pointer (user interface)","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117619785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094414","display_name":"Iterative learning control","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002547","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Palsy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066289","descriptor_name":"Data Curation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41296966","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41296966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3637044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5986508963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82272117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7951524691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31971287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042700175","https://openalex.org/W2168041406","https://openalex.org/W2553519899","https://openalex.org/W2890531203","https://openalex.org/W2921615710","https://openalex.org/W2952370363","https://openalex.org/W2971123115","https://openalex.org/W2984353870","https://openalex.org/W2984582583","https://openalex.org/W2997900951","https://openalex.org/W3023618320","https://openalex.org/W3039683705","https://openalex.org/W3092849554","https://openalex.org/W3118929067","https://openalex.org/W3131198033","https://openalex.org/W3155357286","https://openalex.org/W3158665049","https://openalex.org/W3158752021","https://openalex.org/W3167136668","https://openalex.org/W3203816956","https://openalex.org/W3205626500","https://openalex.org/W4210339973","https://openalex.org/W4281703125","https://openalex.org/W4282923852","https://openalex.org/W4283454122","https://openalex.org/W4283516022","https://openalex.org/W4286491165","https://openalex.org/W4298863937","https://openalex.org/W4317567827","https://openalex.org/W4321483532","https://openalex.org/W4362510680","https://openalex.org/W4377101872","https://openalex.org/W4380077823","https://openalex.org/W4381949692","https://openalex.org/W4384159693","https://openalex.org/W4388979610","https://openalex.org/W4392882200","https://openalex.org/W4402552866","https://openalex.org/W4402595453","https://openalex.org/W4402827264","https://openalex.org/W4408854908","https://openalex.org/W4409755040"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0,48],"annotation":[1],"of":[2],"electronic":[3],"medical":[4],"records":[5],"for":[6,14,47,97],"patients":[7],"with":[8,117],"cerebral":[9],"palsy":[10],"(CP)":[11],"is":[12,88],"crucial":[13],"downstream":[15],"clinical":[16],"applications.":[17],"However,":[18],"most":[19],"existing":[20],"methods":[21],"lack":[22],"mechanisms":[23],"to":[24,73,90],"verify":[25],"model":[26,154],"predictions":[27,103,110],"before":[28],"their":[29],"acceptance":[30],"and":[31,58,69,77,100,130,151],"suffer":[32],"from":[33],"labeled":[34,119],"data":[35,149],"scarcity.":[36],"To":[37],"address":[38],"this":[39,81],"challenge,":[40],"we":[41],"propose":[42],"a":[43,83,123],"Deep":[44],"Cooperative":[45],"Learning":[46],"Annotation":[49],"(DCLA)":[50],"framework.":[51],"DCLA":[52,144],"integrates":[53],"named":[54],"entity":[55],"recognition":[56],"(NER)":[57],"relation":[59],"extraction":[60],"(RE)":[61],"models":[62,132],"that":[63,127],"employ":[64],"the":[65,70,137],"multi-head":[66],"attention":[67],"mechanism":[68,87,139],"global":[71],"pointer":[72],"handle":[74],"complex":[75],"entities":[76],"relations.":[78],"Building":[79],"on":[80,122],"foundation,":[82],"cooperative":[84],"learning":[85],"(CL)":[86],"introduced":[89],"evaluate":[91],"prediction":[92],"quality":[93],"through":[94],"score":[95],"matrices":[96],"sample":[98],"ranking":[99],"selection.":[101],"Low-quality":[102],"are":[104,111],"verified":[105],"by":[106],"annotators,":[107],"while":[108,136],"high-quality":[109],"accepted":[112],"automatically,":[113],"enabling":[114],"iterative":[115],"retraining":[116],"cooperatively":[118],"data.":[120],"Experiments":[121],"CP-specific":[124],"corpus":[125],"demonstrate":[126],"DCLA's":[128],"NER":[129],"RE":[131],"outperform":[133],"state-of-the-art":[134],"methods,":[135],"CL":[138],"enhances":[140,145],"proofreading":[141,146],"efficiency.":[142],"Overall,":[143],"efficiency,":[147],"mitigates":[148],"scarcity,":[150],"supports":[152],"continuous":[153],"refinement.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-11-27T00:00:00"}