{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415367019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3622539","title":"Ultrasound-Enhanced Data-Driven Modeling for Characterizing Natural Wrist Tremor Dynamics","display_name":"Ultrasound-Enhanced Data-Driven Modeling for Characterizing Natural Wrist Tremor Dynamics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415367019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3622539","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41115089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3622539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3622539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054535841","display_name":"Xiangming Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1399-0563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangming Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1399-0563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101617098","display_name":"Vidisha Ganesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9386-0668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vidisha Ganesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9386-0668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027880652","display_name":"Ashwin Iyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-3310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashwin Iyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080049644","display_name":"Daniel Roque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6267-632X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Roque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019966763","display_name":"Xiaoning Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3605-3801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoning Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3605-3801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082987673","display_name":"Nitin Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1872-0156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitin Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1872-0156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9526,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79672347,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"5","first_page":"4162","last_page":"4174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":0.934499979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wrist","display_name":"Wrist","score":0.5892000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essential-tremor","display_name":"Essential tremor","score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.5078999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurophysiology","display_name":"Neurophysiology","score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.351500004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7113999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778216619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185706","display_name":"Wrist","level":2,"score":0.5892000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780112193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693519","display_name":"Essential tremor","level":2,"score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.5078999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170700871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193378","display_name":"Biomechanics","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3622539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3622539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41115089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41115089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G134765775","display_name":"SCH: Wearable Multi-Modal Sensing and Stimulation Arrays for Muscle-Aware Exoskeleton Control","funder_award_id":"2124017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5849504739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21EB032059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337604","display_name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/033jnv181"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,149,195],"complex":[1],"interplay":[2],"of":[3,166,185,200,211,279],"neural":[4],"and":[5,30,71,89,111,118,220,264,292],"muscular":[6],"activity":[7],"underlying":[8,252],"involuntary":[9],"rhythmic":[10],"wrist":[11,43,63],"tremors":[12],"poses":[13],"significant":[14],"challenges":[15],"for":[16,163,174,260],"effective":[17],"symptom":[18],"management,":[19],"particularly":[20],"with":[21,52,100],"identifying":[22],"key":[23],"tremor":[24,167,179,193,202,222,238,244,262,290],"characteristics":[25],"such":[26,268],"as":[27,46,269],"dominant":[28,201,212],"frequency":[29],"amplitude.":[31],"This":[32,255],"study":[33],"introduces":[34],"an":[35],"ultrasound":[36,54],"(US)-enhanced":[37],"data-driven":[38,187],"modeling":[39,60,109,132,291],"framework":[40,283],"that":[41,104,122],"uses":[42],"angle":[44],"kinematics":[45],"state":[47,213],"variables,":[48],"which":[49],"are":[50,123],"augmented":[51],"muscle-specific":[53],"data":[55,96],"inputs.":[56],"We":[57],"explore":[58],"three":[59],"configurations:":[61],"a":[62,67,72,79,181,258,285],"kinematics-only":[64],"baseline":[65,141],"model,":[66,70],"fixed-parameter":[68],"US-augmented":[69,147],"real-time":[73,261],"adaptive":[74,150],"US-enhanced":[75],"model":[76,142,151,188],"updated":[77],"using":[78,87,94],"recursive":[80],"least":[81],"squares":[82],"(RLS)":[83],"algorithm.":[84],"Comprehensive":[85],"validation":[86],"time-":[88],"frequency-domain":[90],"analyses":[91],"was":[92],"conducted":[93],"experimental":[95],"from":[97,137],"six":[98],"patients":[99,206],"tremor.":[101],"Results":[102],"show":[103],"integrating":[105],"US":[106],"input":[107],"improves":[108],"specificity":[110],"accuracy":[112],"by":[113],"capturing":[114],"internal":[115],"muscle":[116],"dynamics":[117],"temporal":[119],"evolution":[120],"patterns":[121],"not":[124,235],"accessible":[125],"through":[126],"IMU":[127],"alone.":[128],"Specifically,":[129],"the":[130,140,146,154,164,175,186,231,275,281],"time-domain":[131],"error":[133,155],"(nRMSE)":[134],"decreased":[135],"substantially":[136],"49.36%":[138],"in":[139,145,178,249],"to":[143,156,161,189,234,251],"24.53%":[144],"model.":[148],"further":[152],"reduced":[153],"0.48%,":[157],"demonstrating":[158],"its":[159],"ability":[160,233],"account":[162],"variability":[165],"behaviors":[168],"dynamically.":[169],"Moreover,":[170],"this":[171],"work":[172,256],"introduces,":[173],"first":[176],"time":[177,248],"research,":[180],"comprehensive":[182],"eigenvalue":[183],"analysis":[184],"extract":[190],"clinically":[191],"relevant":[192],"characteristics.":[194],"method":[196],"enables":[197],"accurate":[198],"estimation":[199],"frequencies":[203],"(average":[204],"across":[205],"nRMSE":[207],"=":[208,218,226],"12.7%),":[209],"quantification":[210],"contributions":[214],"(mean":[215],"$\\Delta":[216],"_{\\text{dominance}}$":[217],"18.73%),":[219],"reliable":[221],"event":[223],"detection":[224],"(F1-score":[225],"0.796).":[227],"These":[228],"findings":[229],"highlight":[230],"framework's":[232],"only":[236],"reproduce":[237],"trajectories":[239],"but":[240],"also":[241],"uncover":[242],"how":[243],"behavior":[245],"evolves":[246],"over":[247],"response":[250],"neuromuscular":[253],"activity.":[254],"establishes":[257],"foundation":[259],"tracking":[263],"model-based":[265],"control":[266],"strategies,":[267],"closed-loop":[270],"afferent":[271],"stimulation.":[272],"By":[273],"leveraging":[274],"unique":[276],"sensing":[277],"capabilities":[278],"ultrasound,":[280],"proposed":[282],"offers":[284],"promising":[286],"path":[287],"toward":[288],"personalized":[289],"intervention.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}