{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413257299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3599387","title":"T-CACE: A Time-Conditioned Autoregressive Contrast Enhancement Multi-Task Framework for Contrast-Free Liver MRI Synthesis, Segmentation, and Diagnosis","display_name":"T-CACE: A Time-Conditioned Autoregressive Contrast Enhancement Multi-Task Framework for Contrast-Free Liver MRI Synthesis, Segmentation, and Diagnosis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413257299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3599387","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40815585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3599387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3599387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026726294","display_name":"Xiaojiao Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5977-9405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojiao Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2444-4004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076542619","display_name":"Jianfeng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9692-9916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9692-9916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018749138","display_name":"Qinmin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-1284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinmin Vivian Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-1284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guanghui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3182-104X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3182-104X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026726294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0706,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78872342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"3","first_page":"2432","last_page":"2443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10073","display_name":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis","score":0.944599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10073","display_name":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis","score":0.944599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9059000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9053000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.7839559316635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6529091000556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6125391721725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6072590351104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast-enhancement","display_name":"Contrast enhancement","score":0.516477108001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5139696002006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.4294520318508148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4275556802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39788496494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.372930645942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3352018892765045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.25665876269340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.24175766110420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14297136664390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07281184196472168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.7839559316635132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6529091000556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6125391721725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6072590351104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018181011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6849688","display_name":"Contrast enhancement","level":3,"score":0.516477108001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5139696002006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.4294520318508148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4275556802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39788496494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.372930645942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3352018892765045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.25665876269340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24175766110420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14297136664390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07281184196472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003287","descriptor_name":"Contrast Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003287","descriptor_name":"Contrast Media","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3599387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3599387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40815585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40815585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1981989535","https://openalex.org/W2056830117","https://openalex.org/W2140806748","https://openalex.org/W2148392699","https://openalex.org/W2157433411","https://openalex.org/W2765571304","https://openalex.org/W2794022343","https://openalex.org/W2904572485","https://openalex.org/W2934291851","https://openalex.org/W2963942586","https://openalex.org/W2980269763","https://openalex.org/W3018177167","https://openalex.org/W3091430552","https://openalex.org/W3125868735","https://openalex.org/W3131508715","https://openalex.org/W3188404242","https://openalex.org/W4296959861","https://openalex.org/W4318824521","https://openalex.org/W4321232185","https://openalex.org/W4324144441","https://openalex.org/W4382237561","https://openalex.org/W4383820825","https://openalex.org/W4387211178","https://openalex.org/W4400269153","https://openalex.org/W4400275891","https://openalex.org/W4402915574","https://openalex.org/W4403069930","https://openalex.org/W4405303900","https://openalex.org/W4406445546","https://openalex.org/W4409367232","https://openalex.org/W4414364254","https://openalex.org/W7133224573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163751115","https://openalex.org/W2586608483","https://openalex.org/W1522196789","https://openalex.org/W2988088379","https://openalex.org/W2625093041","https://openalex.org/W2733233723","https://openalex.org/W769135352","https://openalex.org/W4404749149","https://openalex.org/W2415838370","https://openalex.org/W3120218437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetic":[0],"resonance":[1],"imaging":[2],"(MRI)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,49,72,90,103,116,163],"leading":[6],"modality":[7],"for":[8,56,118,179],"the":[9,16,19,124,129,132,180],"diagnosis":[10],"of":[11,18,131,182],"liver":[12,144,183],"cancer,":[13],"significantly":[14],"improving":[15,173],"classification":[17,120,126],"lesion":[20,125,158],"and":[21,39,82,89,109,157,166,177],"patient":[22],"outcomes.":[23],"However,":[24],"traditional":[25,170],"MRI":[26,60,65,145],"faces":[27],"challenges":[28],"including":[29],"risks":[30],"from":[31,63],"contrast":[32],"agent":[33],"(CA)":[34],"administration,":[35],"time-consuming":[36],"manual":[37],"assessment,":[38],"limited":[40],"annotated":[41],"datasets.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"these":[45],"limitations,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"Time-Conditioned":[50],"Autoregressive":[51],"Contrast":[52],"Enhancement":[53],"(T-CACE)":[54],"framework":[55,161],"synthesizing":[57],"multi-phase":[58],"contrast-enhanced":[59,171],"(CEMRI)":[61],"directly":[62],"non-contrast":[64],"(NCMRI).":[66],"T-CACE":[67,149],"introduces":[68],"three":[69],"core":[70],"innovations:":[71],"conditional":[73],"token":[74],"encoding":[75],"(CTE)":[76],"mechanism":[77],"that":[78,96,148],"unifies":[79],"anatomical":[80],"priors":[81],"temporal":[83,119],"phase":[84],"information":[85,100],"into":[86],"latent":[87],"representations;":[88],"dynamic":[91],"time-aware":[92],"attention":[93,105],"mask":[94],"(DTAM)":[95],"adaptively":[97],"modulates":[98],"inter-phase":[99],"flow":[101],"using":[102],"Gaussian-decayed":[104],"mechanism,":[106],"ensuring":[107],"smooth":[108],"physiologically":[110],"plausible":[111],"transitions":[112],"across":[113],"phases.":[114],"Furthermore,":[115],"constraint":[117],"consistency":[121],"(TCC)":[122],"aligns":[123],"output":[127],"with":[128],"evolution":[130],"physiological":[133],"signal,":[134],"further":[135],"enhancing":[136],"diagnostic":[137,175],"reliability.":[138],"Extensive":[139],"experiments":[140],"on":[141],"two":[142],"independent":[143],"datasets":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"outperforms":[150],"state-of-the-art":[151],"methods":[152],"in":[153],"image":[154],"synthesis,":[155],"segmentation,":[156],"classification.":[159],"This":[160],"offers":[162],"clinically":[164],"relevant":[165],"efficient":[167],"alternative":[168],"to":[169],"imaging,":[172],"safety,":[174],"efficiency,":[176],"reliability":[178],"assessment":[181],"lesion.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
