{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411358959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3580474","title":"Replacing Attention With Modality-Wise Convolution for Energy-Efficient PPG-Based Heart Rate Estimation Using Knowledge Distillation","display_name":"Replacing Attention With Modality-Wise Convolution for Energy-Efficient PPG-Based Heart Rate Estimation Using Knowledge Distillation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411358959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3580474","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40526537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3580474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3580474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081780209","display_name":"Panagiotis Kasnesis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3607-8187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801715042","display_name":"Consolidated Contractors Company (Greece)","ror":"https://ror.org/05rcqjk71","country_code":"GR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801715042"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Kasnesis","raw_affiliation_strings":["RnD Department, ThinGenious PC, Marousi, Greece","ThinGenious PC, Marousi, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RnD Department, ThinGenious PC, Marousi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801715042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ThinGenious PC, Marousi, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052159446","display_name":"Lazaros Toumanidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-0745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801715042","display_name":"Consolidated Contractors Company (Greece)","ror":"https://ror.org/05rcqjk71","country_code":"GR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801715042"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazaros Toumanidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["RnD Department, ThinGenious PC, Marousi, Greece","ThinGenious PC, Marousi, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RnD Department, ThinGenious PC, Marousi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801715042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ThinGenious PC, Marousi, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080843266","display_name":"Daniele Jahier Pagliari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2872-7071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Jahier Pagliari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032095821","display_name":"Alessio Burrello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6215-8220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Burrello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081780209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801715042"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9818,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90898578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"339","last_page":"352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9478999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7142722010612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.6904671788215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.6203098893165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5505821108818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5362268090248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.49066317081451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4775867462158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37266504764556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2184828817844391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1906265914440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.14893436431884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.09768712520599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0926581621170044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7142722010612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.6904671788215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.6203098893165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5505821108818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5362268090248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.49066317081451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4775867462158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37266504764556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2184828817844391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1906265914440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.14893436431884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.09768712520599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0926581621170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3580474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3580474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40526537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40526537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995884363","https://openalex.org/W2005741801","https://openalex.org/W2046002943","https://openalex.org/W2151713296","https://openalex.org/W2204117563","https://openalex.org/W2510642588","https://openalex.org/W2512827249","https://openalex.org/W2592075940","https://openalex.org/W2605006185","https://openalex.org/W2609275792","https://openalex.org/W2768607776","https://openalex.org/W2892061408","https://openalex.org/W2894771803","https://openalex.org/W2894956427","https://openalex.org/W2899210339","https://openalex.org/W2910830939","https://openalex.org/W2962182608","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963140444","https://openalex.org/W2979595423","https://openalex.org/W2986661129","https://openalex.org/W2987861506","https://openalex.org/W3012297411","https://openalex.org/W3013186616","https://openalex.org/W3013656842","https://openalex.org/W3034459805","https://openalex.org/W3034887213","https://openalex.org/W3049586678","https://openalex.org/W3082957684","https://openalex.org/W3082966051","https://openalex.org/W3118441062","https://openalex.org/W3124198337","https://openalex.org/W3138829747","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3154084328","https://openalex.org/W3184606595","https://openalex.org/W3187295906","https://openalex.org/W3188642048","https://openalex.org/W3206929260","https://openalex.org/W3212253875","https://openalex.org/W4206909988","https://openalex.org/W4214939358","https://openalex.org/W4225986494","https://openalex.org/W4280546924","https://openalex.org/W4282965153","https://openalex.org/W4304091718","https://openalex.org/W4324291684","https://openalex.org/W4375851264","https://openalex.org/W4377142751","https://openalex.org/W4381885539","https://openalex.org/W4385286555","https://openalex.org/W4385485105","https://openalex.org/W4386071707","https://openalex.org/W4387444863","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W4397028095"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385859805","https://openalex.org/W2530972254","https://openalex.org/W2374013449","https://openalex.org/W73545470","https://openalex.org/W2364381299","https://openalex.org/W2374430585","https://openalex.org/W3144423903","https://openalex.org/W2377397762","https://openalex.org/W2793967660","https://openalex.org/W2361654993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"monitoring":[1],"of":[2,15,27,34,211,225],"Hearth":[3],"Rate":[4],"(HR)":[5],"based":[6,66],"on":[7,67,86,154,197,216],"photoplethysmography":[8],"(PPG)":[9],"sensors":[10],"is":[11,42,189],"an":[12],"essential":[13],"capability":[14],"nearly":[16],"all":[17],"wrist-worn":[18],"devices.":[19,88],"However,":[20],"arm":[21],"movements":[22],"lead":[23],"to":[24,51,83,109,122,126,134,169],"the":[25,32,47,55,110,136,141,159,170,180,217],"creation":[26],"Motion":[28],"Artifacts":[29],"(MA),":[30],"affecting":[31],"accuracy":[33],"HR":[35],"tracking":[36],"using":[37,192],"PPG":[38,56],"sensors.":[39],"This":[40],"problem":[41],"commonly":[43],"tackled":[44],"by":[45,103,184],"exploiting":[46],"recorded":[48],"accelerometer":[49],"data":[50],"correlate":[52],"them":[53],"with":[54,144,164,177],"signal":[57],"and":[58,81,95,139,150,174,195,228],"eventually":[59],"clean":[60],"it.":[61],"Thus,":[62],"automatic":[63],"fusion":[64,102],"techniques":[65],"Deep":[68],"Learning":[69],"(DL)":[70],"algorithms":[71],"have":[72],"been":[73],"proposed,":[74],"but":[75,219],"they":[76],"are":[77,152],"considered":[78],"too":[79],"large":[80],"complex":[82],"be":[84],"deployed":[85,196],"wearable":[87],"The":[89,148,186],"current":[90],"work":[91],"presents":[92],"a":[93,105,117,127,208,220],"novel":[94],"lightweight":[96],"DL":[97],"architecture,":[98],"PULSE,":[99],"improving":[100],"sensor":[101],"applying":[104],"multi-head":[106],"cross-attention":[107],"layer":[108],"extracted":[111],"temporal":[112],"features.":[113],"Moreover,":[114],"we":[115],"propose":[116],"relation-based":[118],"knowledge":[119,125],"distillation":[120],"mechanism":[121],"pass":[123],"PULSE's":[124],"student":[128,151,187],"network":[129],"that":[130],"uses":[131],"modality-wise":[132],"convolutions":[133],"replace":[135],"attention":[137],"module":[138],"mimic":[140],"teacher's":[142],"performance":[143,168],"5\u00d7":[145],"fewer":[146],"parameters.":[147],"teacher":[149],"evaluated":[153],"two":[155,198],"datasets:":[156],"a)":[157],"PPG-DaLiA":[158],"most":[160],"extensive":[161],"available":[162],"dataset,":[163],"PULSE":[165,178],"achieving":[166],"close":[167],"best":[171],"state-of-the-art":[172],"model,":[173],"b)":[175],"WESAD":[176],"reducing":[179],"mean":[181],"absolute":[182],"error":[183],"22.6%.":[185],"model":[188],"further":[190],"compressed":[191],"post-training":[193],"quantization":[194],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[199],"microcontrollers,":[200],"demonstrating":[201],"its":[202],"suitability":[203],"for":[204],"real-time":[205],"execution,":[206],"having":[207],"close-to-state-of-the-art":[209],"MAE":[210],"4.81":[212],"BPM":[213],"(+0.40":[214],"BPM)":[215],"PPG-DaLiA,":[218],"10.9\u00d7":[221],"lower":[222,231],"memory":[223],"footprint":[224],"37.9":[226],"kB,":[227],"consuming":[229],"45.9\u00d7":[230],"energy":[232],"(0.577":[233],"mJ).":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-09T23:09:53.351390","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}