{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410226705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","title":"How Deep is Your Guess? A Fresh Perspective on Deep Learning for Medical Time-Series Imputation","display_name":"How Deep is Your Guess? A Fresh Perspective on Deep Learning for Medical Time-Series Imputation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410226705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40343821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059099215","display_name":"Linglong Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-045X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linglong Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-045X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055651990","display_name":"Hugh Logan Ellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6428-0158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugh Logan Ellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6428-0158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453458","display_name":"Tao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0437-0557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0437-0557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384874","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-8369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1581-8369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046767689","display_name":"Robin Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9584-8044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144746","display_name":"The London College","ror":"https://ror.org/0546ajs61","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144746"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, University College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210144746"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066918469","display_name":"Richard Dobson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4224-9245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Dobson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4224-9245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013651865","display_name":"Zina Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6203-2727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zina Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6203-2727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059099215"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83321194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"9","first_page":"6814","last_page":"6829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9480000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9480000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9103999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6879256963729858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imputation","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","score":0.6630236506462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.631423830986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5859283208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5498117804527283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5476537942886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.49344173073768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4196268320083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3770473003387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3356097936630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.30863818526268005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6879256963729858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.6630236506462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.631423830986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5859283208847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5498117804527283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5476537942886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.49344173073768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4196268320083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3770473003387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3356097936630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.30863818526268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40343821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40343821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/352a9298-a9e9-48cf-969f-702474ecd825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/352a9298-a9e9-48cf-969f-702474ecd825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Qian, L, Logan Ellis, H, Wang, T, Wang, J, Mitra, R, Dobson, R & Ibrahim, Z 2025, 'How Deep is Your Guess? A Fresh Perspective on Deep Learning for Medical Time-Series Imputation', IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 6814-6829. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2025.3568778","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3568778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335827","display_name":"UCLH Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03r9qc142"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004910511","https://openalex.org/W2146332392","https://openalex.org/W2152726215","https://openalex.org/W2160555924","https://openalex.org/W2257948505","https://openalex.org/W2278129565","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2610332124","https://openalex.org/W2739328240","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2800422914","https://openalex.org/W2888543854","https://openalex.org/W2888833916","https://openalex.org/W2888967035","https://openalex.org/W2896190255","https://openalex.org/W2963573392","https://openalex.org/W2964010366","https://openalex.org/W2964425131","https://openalex.org/W2965989168","https://openalex.org/W3000499162","https://openalex.org/W3022165290","https://openalex.org/W3035623224","https://openalex.org/W3080253043","https://openalex.org/W3092301826","https://openalex.org/W3108946043","https://openalex.org/W3108981297","https://openalex.org/W3134794314","https://openalex.org/W3139294691","https://openalex.org/W3152893301","https://openalex.org/W3174697924","https://openalex.org/W3201047833","https://openalex.org/W3201556684","https://openalex.org/W3205484571","https://openalex.org/W3211041519","https://openalex.org/W4200310129","https://openalex.org/W4287636565","https://openalex.org/W4288053077","https://openalex.org/W4290098428","https://openalex.org/W4312863243","https://openalex.org/W4313527352","https://openalex.org/W4317777379","https://openalex.org/W4317952727","https://openalex.org/W4318812138","https://openalex.org/W4319335604","https://openalex.org/W4366085127","https://openalex.org/W4377234446","https://openalex.org/W4382133580","https://openalex.org/W4382203079","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386307515","https://openalex.org/W4387846273","https://openalex.org/W4391168223","https://openalex.org/W4401567681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181530120","https://openalex.org/W4211215373","https://openalex.org/W2024529227","https://openalex.org/W2055961818","https://openalex.org/W2903115227","https://openalex.org/W1574575415","https://openalex.org/W3144172081","https://openalex.org/W3179858851","https://openalex.org/W2081476516","https://openalex.org/W2581984549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,32],"comprehensive":[3],"analysis":[4],"of":[5,31,50,64,77,140,172],"deep":[6,34,51,163],"learning":[7],"approaches":[8,121,181],"for":[9,119,152,182],"Electronic":[10],"Health":[11],"Record":[12],"(EHR)":[13],"time-series":[14],"imputation,":[15],"examining":[16],"how":[17,69],"the":[18,47,62,65,75,78,107,117,150,170],"interplay":[19],"between":[20,161],"architectural":[21],"and":[22,37,60,146,166],"framework":[23],"design":[24],"decisions":[25],"gives":[26],"rise":[27],"to":[28,136,176],"higher-level":[29],"properties":[30],"given":[33],"imputer":[35],"model":[36,66,89],"distinct":[38],"biases":[39,72],"towards":[40],"complex":[41,55,108],"data":[42,126],"characteristics.":[43],"Our":[44,82,131],"investigation":[45],"reveals":[46],"varying":[48],"capabilities":[49],"imputers":[52],"in":[53,111,138],"capturing":[54],"spatio-temporal":[56],"dependencies":[57],"within":[58],"EHRs,":[59],"that":[61,92,122],"effectiveness":[63],"depends":[67],"on":[68,144],"its":[70],"combined":[71],"align":[73],"with":[74],"characteristics":[76],"medical":[79,167],"time":[80],"series.":[81],"experimental":[83],"evaluation":[84],"challenges":[85],"common":[86],"assumptions":[87],"about":[88],"complexity,":[90],"demonstrating":[91],"larger":[93],"models":[94],"do":[95],"not":[96],"necessarily":[97],"improve":[98],"performance.":[99],"Rather,":[100],"carefully":[101],"designed":[102],"architectures":[103],"can":[104],"better":[105],"capture":[106],"patterns":[109],"inherent":[110],"clinical":[112,174],"data.":[113],"The":[114],"study":[115],"highlights":[116],"need":[118,151],"imputation":[120,141,164,180],"prioritise":[123],"clinically":[124],"meaningful":[125],"reconstruction":[127],"over":[128],"statistical":[129],"accuracy.":[130],"experiments":[132],"further":[133],"reveal":[134],"up":[135],"20%":[137],"variations":[139],"performance":[142],"based":[143],"preprocessing":[145],"implementation":[147],"choices,":[148],"emphasising":[149],"standardised":[153],"benchmarking":[154],"methodologies.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"we":[157],"identify":[158],"critical":[159],"gaps":[160],"current":[162],"methods":[165],"requirements,":[168],"highlighting":[169],"importance":[171],"integrating":[173],"insights":[175],"achieve":[177],"more":[178],"reliable":[179],"healthcare":[183],"applications.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}