{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411055209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3543028","title":"CRT: A Convolutional Recurrent Transformer for Automatic Sleep State Detection","display_name":"CRT: A Convolutional Recurrent Transformer for Automatic Sleep State Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411055209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3543028","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40471743"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3543028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3543028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/122044/1/sleep_manuscript.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091634346","display_name":"S. M. Nuruzzaman Nobel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0858-0232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147955","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0400am365","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147955"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SM Nuruzzaman Nobel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0858-0232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093685928","display_name":"S M Masfequier Rahman Swapno","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147955","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0400am365","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147955"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S M Masfequier Rahman Swapno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9195-5112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041757523","display_name":"Md. Mohsin Kabir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9624-5499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251424209","display_name":"Universitat de Girona","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdxns91","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Mohsin Kabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Superior Polytechnic School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9624-5499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Superior Polytechnic School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251424209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071208302","display_name":"M. F. Mridha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-1631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103434671","display_name":"American International University-Bangladesh","ror":"https://ror.org/02j8ga255","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. F. Mridha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-1631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000975435","display_name":"Nilanjan Dey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-498X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilanjan Dey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techno International New Town, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-498X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techno International New Town, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002654622","display_name":"R. Simon Sherratt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-4445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","display_name":"University of Reading","ror":"https://ror.org/05v62cm79","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Simon Sherratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Reading, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7899-4445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Reading, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.6225,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99605952,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"6","first_page":"4452","last_page":"4462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6579546928405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4256809949874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4055204689502716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16264238953590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11674511432647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.10328489542007446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6579546928405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4256809949874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4055204689502716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16264238953590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11674511432647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10328489542007446}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3543028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3543028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40471743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40471743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:centaur.reading.ac.uk:122044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/view/creators/90000807.html>","pdf_url":"https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/122044/1/sleep_manuscript.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402273","display_name":"CentAUR (University of Reading)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","host_organization_name":"University of Reading","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:centaur.reading.ac.uk:122044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/view/creators/90000807.html>","pdf_url":"https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/122044/1/sleep_manuscript.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402273","display_name":"CentAUR (University of Reading)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71052956","host_organization_name":"University of Reading","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71052956"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411055209.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411055209.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968686468","https://openalex.org/W1970654981","https://openalex.org/W1978295404","https://openalex.org/W2013252791","https://openalex.org/W2125031140","https://openalex.org/W2128256539","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2158571582","https://openalex.org/W2180889008","https://openalex.org/W2762044763","https://openalex.org/W2885642377","https://openalex.org/W2889162782","https://openalex.org/W2954855827","https://openalex.org/W3034390803","https://openalex.org/W3165396901","https://openalex.org/W4212859008","https://openalex.org/W4221054514","https://openalex.org/W4226187087","https://openalex.org/W4286377594","https://openalex.org/W4288064577","https://openalex.org/W4313325470","https://openalex.org/W4379805270","https://openalex.org/W4383113511","https://openalex.org/W4386838065","https://openalex.org/W4389057488","https://openalex.org/W4392095585","https://openalex.org/W4392449785","https://openalex.org/W4394773654","https://openalex.org/W4398241331","https://openalex.org/W4398250207","https://openalex.org/W4404804471","https://openalex.org/W4405349730","https://openalex.org/W4406914938","https://openalex.org/W6859974702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sleep":[0],"is":[1,28,44],"a":[2,42,79,101,108],"crucial":[3],"period":[4],"of":[5,16,22,93,105,112,143],"rest":[6],"necessary":[7],"for":[8,48,86],"optimal":[9],"cognitive":[10],"function,":[11],"psychological":[12],"well-being,":[13],"and":[14,31,46,74,107,145],"execution":[15],"everyday":[17],"tasks.":[18],"In":[19],"the":[20,25,33,119,125,133,141],"field":[21],"sleep":[23,35,38,59,87,126,138],"healthcare,":[24],"primary":[26],"objective":[27],"to":[29,57,135],"identify":[30,136],"classify":[32],"various":[34],"states.":[36,60,127],"Implementing":[37],"state":[39,88],"detection":[40,95,130],"in":[41,122,149],"system":[43],"problematic":[45],"essential":[47],"accurate":[49],"diagnosis.":[50],"Our":[51,128],"study":[52],"used":[53],"an":[54],"integrated":[55],"framework":[56],"recognize":[58],"The":[61,90],"dataset":[62],"contained":[63],"approximately":[64],"eight":[65],"lakh":[66],"data":[67],"points":[68],"sorted":[69],"into":[70],"two":[71],"groups:":[72],"onset":[73],"wake-up.":[75],"We":[76],"successfully":[77],"deployed":[78],"cutting-edge":[80],"Convolutional":[81],"Recurrent":[82],"Transformer":[83],"(CRT)":[84],"model":[85,96],"detection.":[89],"training":[91],"accuracy":[92,104,111,142],"our":[94],"was":[97],"measured":[98],"at":[99],"97.83%,":[100],"constant":[102],"validation":[103],"97.07%,":[106],"testing":[109],"measurement":[110],"97.23%,":[113],"were":[114],"maintained.":[115],"These":[116],"scores":[117],"indicate":[118],"model's":[120],"proficiency":[121],"precisely":[123],"recognizing":[124],"system's":[129],"capabilities":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"ability":[134],"different":[137],"states,":[139],"enhance":[140],"diagnoses":[144],"increase":[146],"healthcare":[147],"outcomes":[148],"this":[150],"specialized":[151],"field.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
