{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407450039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","title":"Optimal Electroencephalogram and Electrooculogram Signal Combination for Deep Learning-Based Sleep Staging","display_name":"Optimal Electroencephalogram and Electrooculogram Signal Combination for Deep Learning-Based Sleep Staging","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407450039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056289082","display_name":"Masoumeh Tashakori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-3065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Masoumeh Tashakori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-3065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062479697","display_name":"Matias Rusanen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-6016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154526488","display_name":"Inserm","ror":"https://ror.org/02vjkv261","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899635006","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","ror":"https://ror.org/02rx3b187","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899635006"]}],"countries":["FI","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matias Rusanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France","Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-6016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I899635006"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042738279","display_name":"Tuomas Karhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9464-447X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuomas Karhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9464-447X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047519153","display_name":"R. Huttunen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8290-4764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riku Huttunen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8290-4764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085701602","display_name":"Timo Lepp\u00e4nen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4017-821X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Lepp\u00e4nen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4017-821X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024843661","display_name":"Sami Nikkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-4118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175532246","display_name":"University of Eastern Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/00cyydd11","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Nikkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-4118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056289082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175532246"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95437472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"7","first_page":"4741","last_page":"4747"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.8391000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.8391000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.08659999817609787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.01889999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7079089879989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5883108377456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.5397748351097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrooculography","display_name":"Electrooculography","score":0.5253459811210632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5232619047164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5062664747238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-stages","display_name":"Sleep Stages","score":0.44950756430625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.428725928068161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35336220264434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.23349261283874512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.19746273756027222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1725170910358429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09820836782455444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7079089879989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5883108377456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.5397748351097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778681526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420647","display_name":"Electrooculography","level":3,"score":0.5253459811210632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5232619047164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5062664747238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.44950756430625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.428725928068161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35336220264434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.23349261283874512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.19746273756027222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1725170910358429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09820836782455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004585","descriptor_name":"Electrooculography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004585","descriptor_name":"Electrooculography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004585","descriptor_name":"Electrooculography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020181","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea, Obstructive","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020181","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea, Obstructive","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020181","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea, Obstructive","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40031834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3541453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054384069","https://openalex.org/W2082725905","https://openalex.org/W2131209034","https://openalex.org/W2615456919","https://openalex.org/W2802947281","https://openalex.org/W2913237197","https://openalex.org/W2917012151","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2970428465","https://openalex.org/W2991962239","https://openalex.org/W2993848590","https://openalex.org/W2995516697","https://openalex.org/W3032709845","https://openalex.org/W3111722905","https://openalex.org/W3133617246","https://openalex.org/W3186929955","https://openalex.org/W3204424416","https://openalex.org/W4285305963","https://openalex.org/W4286306187","https://openalex.org/W4288067489","https://openalex.org/W4310457220","https://openalex.org/W4318570644","https://openalex.org/W4378516799","https://openalex.org/W4380422210","https://openalex.org/W4390203931","https://openalex.org/W4391250933","https://openalex.org/W4392962031","https://openalex.org/W6749845547","https://openalex.org/W6767290199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152235245","https://openalex.org/W3176432362","https://openalex.org/W3113835375","https://openalex.org/W3121188996","https://openalex.org/W2339383267","https://openalex.org/W4308561096","https://openalex.org/W2028116038","https://openalex.org/W3200508116","https://openalex.org/W2136162213","https://openalex.org/W2376497661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,154,172,223],"traditional":[2],"sleep":[3,33,67,87,112,132,159,163,169,234],"staging":[4,34,68,88,160,164,235],"involves":[5],"manual":[6,162],"scoring":[7],"of":[8,51,61,139,157],"electroencephalogram":[9],"(EEG),":[10],"electrooculogram":[11],"(EOG),":[12],"and":[13,22,54,104,121,123,148,243],"electromyogram":[14],"signals":[15,53,117],"during":[16],"polysomnography":[17],"(PSG),":[18],"which":[19,41],"is":[20,69],"laborious":[21],"susceptible":[23],"to":[24,99,189],"human":[25],"errors.":[26],"Previous":[27],"studies":[28],"have":[29,44],"explored":[30],"several":[31],"automated":[32],"methods":[35,43],"utilizing":[36,145],"fewer":[37],"EEG":[38,77,103,116,147,179,202,220,242],"signals,":[39],"for":[40,65,108],"deep-learning":[42,141],"shown":[45],"promising":[46],"results.":[47],"Despite":[48],"the":[49,59,101,197,211],"availability":[50],"various":[52,76,178,228],"signal":[55,63,78,106,126,150,180,199,229],"combinations":[56,64,79,107,151,181,230],"in":[57,174],"PSGs,":[58],"performance":[60,156,176],"different":[62,146],"accurate":[66,85],"not":[70],"fully":[71],"explored.":[72],"We":[73,97],"hypothesize":[74],"that":[75,232],"will":[80],"yield":[81],"comparable":[82,224],"performances,":[83],"thus":[84],"automatic":[86,111,158,233],"could":[89],"be":[90,237],"achieved":[91,238],"with":[92,184,218,239],"a":[93,240],"simplified":[94,241],"measurement":[95,245],"setup.":[96],"aim":[98],"identify":[100],"optimal":[102],"EOG":[105,125,149,198,217,244],"deep":[109],"learning-based":[110],"staging.":[113],"METHODS:":[114],"Four":[115],"(F4-M1,":[118],"C4-M1,":[119],"O2-M1,":[120],"C3-M2)":[122],"one":[124],"(E1-M2)":[127],"from":[128,187],"876":[129],"suspected":[130],"obstructive":[131],"apnea":[133],"subjects":[134],"were":[135,143,182,213],"studied.":[136],"A":[137],"total":[138],"31":[140],"models":[142],"trained":[144],"as":[152],"input.":[153],"classification":[155,175,225],"against":[161],"was":[165],"evaluated":[166],"across":[167],"five":[168],"stages.":[170],"RESULTS:":[171],"differences":[173],"among":[177,227],"negligible,":[183],"accuracies":[185,205],"ranging":[186],"81%":[188],"85%":[190],"(Cohen's":[191],"kappa,":[192],"\u03ba":[193],"=":[194],"0.73-0.78).":[195],"Incorporating":[196],"into":[200],"single":[201],"configurations":[203],"improved":[204],"by":[206],"1-2":[207],"percentage":[208],"points,":[209],"while":[210],"improvements":[212],"smaller":[214],"when":[215],"combining":[216],"multiple":[219],"signals.":[221],"CONCLUSIONS:":[222],"performances":[226],"suggest":[231],"can":[236],"setup":[246],"without":[247],"compromising":[248],"performance.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
