{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406982838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3536476","title":"TriCvT-DTI: Predicting Drug\u2013Target Interactions Using Trimodal Representations and Convolutional Vision Transformers","display_name":"TriCvT-DTI: Predicting Drug\u2013Target Interactions Using Trimodal Representations and Convolutional Vision Transformers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406982838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3536476","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3536476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3536476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116085622","display_name":"Azouz Maroua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Azouz Maroua","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","Ph.D. student in Bioinformatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D. student in Bioinformatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022985434","display_name":"Gang Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056569912","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2634-4656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072694505","display_name":"Jiehan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4026-1649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiehan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116085622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.68,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95288319,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"6","first_page":"4585","last_page":"4592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6934642195701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6100125312805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.516163170337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48122596740722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4745120406150818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.46385523676872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12197986245155334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6934642195701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6100125312805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.516163170337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48122596740722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4745120406150818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.46385523676872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12197986245155334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004347","descriptor_name":"Drug Interactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004347","descriptor_name":"Drug Interactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004347","descriptor_name":"Drug Interactions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055808","descriptor_name":"Drug Discovery","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055808","descriptor_name":"Drug Discovery","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055808","descriptor_name":"Drug Discovery","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3536476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2025.3536476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40031370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1293983606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2023QE030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3741828769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23YJCZH221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336573","funder_display_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6503404689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52404174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336573","display_name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971106435","https://openalex.org/W1984084871","https://openalex.org/W2009313526","https://openalex.org/W2078502561","https://openalex.org/W2086286404","https://openalex.org/W2108069034","https://openalex.org/W2148145769","https://openalex.org/W2256553158","https://openalex.org/W2259538443","https://openalex.org/W2273267066","https://openalex.org/W2417990257","https://openalex.org/W2558461040","https://openalex.org/W2576544908","https://openalex.org/W2597855421","https://openalex.org/W2753953057","https://openalex.org/W2761309784","https://openalex.org/W2785947426","https://openalex.org/W2793951981","https://openalex.org/W2795214545","https://openalex.org/W2860192827","https://openalex.org/W2888273069","https://openalex.org/W2889321024","https://openalex.org/W2896646632","https://openalex.org/W2899788782","https://openalex.org/W2904798866","https://openalex.org/W2913379687","https://openalex.org/W2935632020","https://openalex.org/W2997021962","https://openalex.org/W3000043291","https://openalex.org/W3004946973","https://openalex.org/W3018980093","https://openalex.org/W3028589594","https://openalex.org/W3032123378","https://openalex.org/W3096561213","https://openalex.org/W3152586663","https://openalex.org/W3215744667","https://openalex.org/W4214493665","https://openalex.org/W4220853970","https://openalex.org/W4295926222","https://openalex.org/W4308056393","https://openalex.org/W4365397159","https://openalex.org/W4382050117","https://openalex.org/W4386189627","https://openalex.org/W4402114259","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6766978945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Predicting":[0],"interactions":[1],"between":[2,113],"drugs":[3,93,114],"and":[4,12,18,63,89,99,115,134,150,152,165,189],"their":[5],"targets":[6],"is":[7],"vital":[8],"for":[9,60,109],"drug":[10,34,54,65,138],"discovery":[11],"repositioning.":[13],"Conventional":[14],"techniques":[15],"are":[16],"slow":[17],"labor-intensive,":[19],"while":[20],"deep":[21,28],"learning":[22,29,112],"algorithms":[23],"offer":[24],"efficient":[25],"solutions.":[26],"However,":[27],"often":[30],"focus":[31],"on":[32,144,176,186,198],"single":[33],"representations":[35,91],"or":[36],"simplistic":[37],"combinations,":[38],"leading":[39],"to":[40,94,167],"suboptimal":[41],"feature":[42,111],"representation.":[43],"Moreover,":[44,192],"the":[45,58,171,199],"prevalent":[46],"use":[47],"of":[48,92,173],"convolutional":[49],"neural":[50],"networks":[51],"(CNNs)":[52],"in":[53,67],"image":[55],"representation":[56],"neglects":[57],"necessity":[59],"both":[61,187],"local":[62],"global":[64],"information":[66],"Drug-Target":[68,200],"Interaction":[69,201],"(DTI)":[70,202],"tasks.":[71],"To":[72],"address":[73],"these":[74],"challenges,":[75],"we":[76,153,160],"propose":[77],"TriCvT-DTI,":[78],"a":[79,104],"novel":[80],"approach":[81],"that":[82,181],"combines":[83],"molecular":[84],"images,":[85],"chemical":[86],"sequence":[87],"features,":[88],"graph":[90],"comprehensively":[95],"capture":[96],"structural,":[97],"spatial,":[98],"functional":[100],"aspects.":[101],"TriCvT-DTI":[102,129,162,182],"introduces":[103],"bidirectional":[105],"multi-head":[106],"attention":[107],"mechanism":[108],"interactive":[110],"targets,":[116],"enhancing":[117],"performance":[118],"by":[119],"modeling":[120],"complex":[121],"relationships.":[122],"By":[123],"using":[124],"Convolutional":[125],"Vision":[126],"Transformers":[127],"(CvTs),":[128],"can":[130],"effectively":[131],"extract":[132,170],"structural":[133],"spatial":[135],"features":[136],"from":[137],"images.":[139],"We":[140],"evaluate":[141],"our":[142],"model":[143],"three":[145],"datasets:":[146],"Human,":[147],"C.":[148],"elegans,":[149],"Davis,":[151],"compare":[154,168],"it":[155,193],"with":[156,163],"state-of-the-art":[157],"methods.":[158],"Then":[159],"train":[161],"uni-modality":[164],"bi-modality":[166],"then":[169],"impact":[172],"each":[174],"modality":[175],"TriCvT-DTI.":[177],"Experimental":[178],"results":[179],"demonstrate":[180],"outperforms":[183],"existing":[184],"methods":[185],"balanced":[188],"unbalanced":[190],"datasets.":[191],"presents":[194],"impressive":[195],"generalization":[196],"capabilities":[197],"task.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}