{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402401568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3458430","title":"PCGmix: A Data-Augmentation Method for Heart-Sound Classification","display_name":"PCGmix: A Data-Augmentation Method for Heart-Sound Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402401568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3458430","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3458430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3458430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000183619","display_name":"David Susi\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-1952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Susi\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-1952","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072982681","display_name":"Anton Gradi\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-9587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Gradi\u0161ek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-9587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043419128","display_name":"Matja\u017e Gams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-0711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3006985408","display_name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05060sz93","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matja\u017e Gams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-0711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000183619"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3006985408"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.184,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92482605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"11","first_page":"6874","last_page":"6885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6727414131164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sound","display_name":"Sound (geography)","score":0.46906495094299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42520079016685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.385816365480423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3570467531681061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.11968246102333069}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6727414131164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203718221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491713","display_name":"Sound (geography)","level":2,"score":0.46906495094299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42520079016685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.385816365480423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3570467531681061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.11968246102333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010701","descriptor_name":"Phonocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010701","descriptor_name":"Phonocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010701","descriptor_name":"Phonocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010701","descriptor_name":"Phonocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010701","descriptor_name":"Phonocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3458430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3458430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39255074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39255074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1848823109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PR-10495","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W153185079","https://openalex.org/W1643655047","https://openalex.org/W1967390037","https://openalex.org/W2100665545","https://openalex.org/W2103456541","https://openalex.org/W2147256684","https://openalex.org/W2301158262","https://openalex.org/W2551393996","https://openalex.org/W2553101787","https://openalex.org/W2557139718","https://openalex.org/W2591957616","https://openalex.org/W2592495725","https://openalex.org/W2593628332","https://openalex.org/W2620664872","https://openalex.org/W2740616720","https://openalex.org/W2753815278","https://openalex.org/W2808463127","https://openalex.org/W2936774411","https://openalex.org/W2944090083","https://openalex.org/W2944552054","https://openalex.org/W2956500030","https://openalex.org/W2963587345","https://openalex.org/W2965318968","https://openalex.org/W2967189346","https://openalex.org/W2979158918","https://openalex.org/W2982872774","https://openalex.org/W2990581967","https://openalex.org/W2996028987","https://openalex.org/W2997702264","https://openalex.org/W3001215021","https://openalex.org/W3008143116","https://openalex.org/W3013760181","https://openalex.org/W3035159033","https://openalex.org/W3046296398","https://openalex.org/W3084881902","https://openalex.org/W3162681273","https://openalex.org/W4200259357","https://openalex.org/W4293681081","https://openalex.org/W4309213494","https://openalex.org/W4385451731","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6733981813","https://openalex.org/W6734076412","https://openalex.org/W6734189439","https://openalex.org/W6734269609","https://openalex.org/W6734306856","https://openalex.org/W6734337662","https://openalex.org/W6734485119","https://openalex.org/W6734710974","https://openalex.org/W6734724335","https://openalex.org/W6734761546","https://openalex.org/W6734766660","https://openalex.org/W6743428213","https://openalex.org/W6760184523","https://openalex.org/W6779447676","https://openalex.org/W6852003534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2909726438","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cardiovascular":[0],"diseases":[1],"(CVDs)":[2],"are":[3,75],"a":[4,64,87,101,119,153,171],"leading":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,13,31,36,43,49,93,112,121,134,146,157,167,173,185,234],"mortality":[8],"worldwide,":[9],"responsible":[10],"for":[11,40,109,237],"32%":[12],"all":[14],"deaths,":[15],"with":[16,58],"the":[17,41,47,91,110,132,135,147,165,193,199,214,232],"annual":[18],"death":[19],"toll":[20],"projected":[21],"to":[22,78,90,130,140,198,213,221],"reach":[23],"23.3":[24],"million":[25],"by":[26],"2030.":[27],"The":[28,115,143,188],"early":[29],"identification":[30],"individuals":[32],"at":[33],"high":[34],"risk":[35],"CVD":[37,141,238],"is":[38,196],"crucial":[39],"effectiveness":[42],"preventive":[44],"strategies.":[45],"In":[46,80,96],"field":[48],"deep":[50],"learning,":[51],"automated":[52],"CVD-detection":[53],"methods":[54],"have":[55],"gained":[56],"traction,":[57],"phonocardiogram":[59],"(PCG)":[60],"data":[61,83,168],"emerging":[62],"as":[63],"valuable":[65],"resource.":[66],"However,":[67],"deep-learning":[68,235],"models":[69,236],"rely":[70],"on":[71,152,205,219],"large":[72],"datasets,":[73],"which":[74],"often":[76],"challenging":[77],"obtain.":[79],"recent":[81],"years,":[82],"augmentation":[84,111,169],"has":[85],"become":[86],"viable":[88],"solution":[89],"problem":[92],"scarce":[94],"data.":[95,114,187],"this":[97],"paper,":[98],"we":[99,176],"propose":[100],"novel":[102,194],"data-augmentation":[103],"technique":[104],"named":[105],"PCGmix,":[106],"specifically":[107],"engineered":[108],"PCG":[113,125],"PCGmix":[116,148,229],"algorithm":[117],"employs":[118],"process":[120],"segmenting":[122],"and":[123,159,182],"reassembling":[124],"recordings,":[126],"incorporating":[127],"meticulous":[128],"interpolation":[129],"ensure":[131],"preservation":[133],"cardinal":[136],"diagnostic":[137],"features":[138],"pertinent":[139],"detection.":[142],"empirical":[144],"assessment":[145],"method":[149,195,209],"was":[150],"utilized":[151],"publicly":[154],"available":[155],"database":[156],"normal":[158],"abnormal":[160],"heart-sound":[161],"recordings.":[162],"To":[163],"evaluate":[164],"impact":[166],"across":[170],"range":[172],"dataset":[174],"sizes,":[175],"conducted":[177],"experiments":[178],"encompassing":[179],"both":[180],"limited":[181,206],"extensive":[183],"amounts":[184],"training":[186],"experimental":[189],"results":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"that":[192,228],"superior":[197],"compared":[200],"state-of-the-art,":[201],"time-series":[202],"augmentation.":[203],"Notably,":[204],"data,":[207],"our":[208],"achieves":[210],"comparable":[211],"accuracy":[212,233],"no-augmentation":[215],"approach":[216],"when":[217],"trained":[218],"31%":[220],"69%":[222],"larger":[223],"datasets.":[224],"This":[225],"study":[226],"suggests":[227],"can":[230],"enhance":[231],"detection,":[239],"especially":[240],"in":[241],"data-constrained":[242],"environments.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}