{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399939077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3417404","title":"Fourier-Based Frequency Space Disentanglement and Augmentation for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofing","display_name":"Fourier-Based Frequency Space Disentanglement and Augmentation for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399939077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3417404","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38913519"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3417404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3417404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102513022","display_name":"Yang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1105-2652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopaedics, Sichuan Provincial People&#x0027;s Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopaedics, Sichuan Provincial People&#x0027;s Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003786587","display_name":"Zhekai Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-3920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhekai Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-3920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653428","display_name":"Heng Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8805-9813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157771985","display_name":"China National Nuclear Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01d5ymp84","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157771985"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207528943","display_name":"Chengdu Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01c4jmp52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207528943"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China","Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157771985","https://openalex.org/I207528943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157771985","https://openalex.org/I207528943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044040525","display_name":"Chengwei Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7145-1595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengwei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopaedics, Sichuan Provincial People&#x0027;s Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7145-1595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopaedics, Sichuan Provincial People&#x0027;s Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-9749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopaedics, Sichuan Provincial People&#x0027;s Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-9749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopaedics, Sichuan Provincial People&#x0027;s Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102513022"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79621481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"8","first_page":"5413","last_page":"5423"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6794292330741882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5881362557411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.5226559638977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5224401354789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5116887092590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-analysis","display_name":"Fourier analysis","score":0.44601020216941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41769635677337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3365703821182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14826777577400208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6794292330741882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5881362557411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.5226559638977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5224401354789734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5116887092590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.44601020216941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41769635677337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3365703821182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14826777577400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005583","descriptor_name":"Fourier Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3417404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3417404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38913519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38913519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1770095230","https://openalex.org/W1982209341","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2010581936","https://openalex.org/W2107227001","https://openalex.org/W2111873430","https://openalex.org/W2118392996","https://openalex.org/W2136666231","https://openalex.org/W2151343288","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2341318667","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2418633638","https://openalex.org/W2578178601","https://openalex.org/W2728977829","https://openalex.org/W2763549966","https://openalex.org/W2798658180","https://openalex.org/W2894833919","https://openalex.org/W2952476201","https://openalex.org/W2963656031","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2976700284","https://openalex.org/W2981446661","https://openalex.org/W2992308087","https://openalex.org/W2998163473","https://openalex.org/W3034272105","https://openalex.org/W3034594921","https://openalex.org/W3035263140","https://openalex.org/W3035294798","https://openalex.org/W3095799614","https://openalex.org/W3116054336","https://openalex.org/W3132882818","https://openalex.org/W3159891475","https://openalex.org/W3174133171","https://openalex.org/W3180439858","https://openalex.org/W3183864931","https://openalex.org/W3196056240","https://openalex.org/W3205638629","https://openalex.org/W4214480085","https://openalex.org/W4226291055","https://openalex.org/W4250640407","https://openalex.org/W4281264715","https://openalex.org/W4304080478","https://openalex.org/W4306832857","https://openalex.org/W4307823382","https://openalex.org/W4309951129","https://openalex.org/W6637339757","https://openalex.org/W6639480849","https://openalex.org/W6684314024","https://openalex.org/W6736057607","https://openalex.org/W6774137510","https://openalex.org/W6789380839"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984031140","https://openalex.org/W2034082304","https://openalex.org/W81470468","https://openalex.org/W1964268922","https://openalex.org/W1968864649","https://openalex.org/W2066908446","https://openalex.org/W2768366820","https://openalex.org/W2015885629","https://openalex.org/W1971280405","https://openalex.org/W2033702064"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generalizing":[0],"face":[1,66,101],"anti-spoofing":[2],"(FAS)":[3],"models":[4,203],"to":[5,11,64,90,105,150,170,177],"unseen":[6,206],"distributions":[7],"is":[8,102],"challenging":[9],"due":[10],"domain":[12,15,179],"shifts.":[13],"Previous":[14],"generalization":[16,199],"(DG)":[17],"based":[18],"FAS":[19,188,202],"methods":[20],"focus":[21],"on":[22,163,186],"learning":[23],"invariant":[24],"features":[25],"across":[26],"domains":[27],"in":[28,36,68,196,204],"the":[29,69,73,86,91,97,120,144,164,191,198],"spatial":[30],"space,":[31,71],"which":[32],"may":[33],"be":[34],"ineffective":[35],"detecting":[37],"subtle":[38],"spoof":[39,116,172,181],"patterns.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,60,118],"propose":[45,136],"a":[46,100,137,156,160],"novel":[47],"approach":[48],"called":[49],"Frequency":[50],"Space":[51],"Disentanglement":[52],"and":[53,85,125,159,180],"Augmentation":[54],"(FSDA)":[55],"for":[56],"generalizable":[57],"FAS.":[58],"Specifically,":[59],"leverage":[61],"Fourier":[62],"transformation":[63],"analyze":[65],"images":[67,149],"frequency":[70,138],"where":[72],"amplitude":[74,121],"spectrum":[75,88,122],"captures":[76],"low-level":[77,107],"texture":[78],"information":[79],"that":[80,96,142,174],"forms":[81],"distinct":[82],"visual":[83],"appearances,":[84],"phase":[87],"corresponds":[89],"content":[92,112],"information.":[93,113],"We":[94,134],"hypothesize":[95],"liveness":[98],"of":[99,147,193,201],"more":[103],"related":[104],"these":[106],"patterns":[108,173],"rather":[109],"than":[110],"high-level":[111],"To":[114],"locate":[115],"traces,":[117],"disentangle":[119],"into":[123],"domain-related":[124],"spoof-related":[126],"components":[127,146],"using":[128],"either":[129],"empirical":[130],"or":[131],"learnable":[132],"strategies.":[133],"then":[135],"space":[139],"augmentation":[140],"technique":[141],"mixes":[143],"disentangled":[145],"two":[148],"synthesize":[151],"new":[152],"variations.":[153,183],"By":[154],"imposing":[155],"distillation":[157],"loss":[158,162],"consistency":[161],"augmented":[165],"samples,":[166],"our":[167,194],"model":[168],"learns":[169],"capture":[171],"are":[175],"robust":[176],"both":[178],"type":[182],"Extensive":[184],"experiments":[185],"four":[187],"datasets":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"superiority":[192],"method":[195],"improving":[197],"ability":[200],"various":[205],"scenarios.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
