{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391661544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3363765","title":"Cost-Sensitive Ordinal Classification Methods to Predict SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Severity","display_name":"Cost-Sensitive Ordinal Classification Methods to Predict SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Severity","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391661544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3363765","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38329848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3363765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3363765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://bird.bcamath.org/bitstream/20.500.11824/1790/1/manuscript-repo.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101906703","display_name":"Fernando Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-9038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802176441","display_name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/03b21sh32","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802176441"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Bilbao, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-9038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Bilbao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802176441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078335965","display_name":"Dae\u2010Jin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-8535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125068653","display_name":"IE University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jjdwm75","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125068653"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae-Jin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, IE University, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8995-8535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, IE University, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125068653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034338850","display_name":"Pedro Pablo Espa\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-8253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116848","display_name":"Hospital de Galdakao","ror":"https://ror.org/025714n80","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848","https://openalex.org/I4210125364"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Pablo Espa\u00f1a Yandiola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Respiratory Service, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","Respiratory Service at Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-8253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Respiratory Service, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Respiratory Service at Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019079866","display_name":"Isabel Urrutia Landa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116848","display_name":"Hospital de Galdakao","ror":"https://ror.org/025714n80","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848","https://openalex.org/I4210125364"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Urrutia Landa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Respiratory Service, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","Respiratory Service at Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Respiratory Service, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Respiratory Service at Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012691362","display_name":"Joaqu\u00edn Mart\u00ednez\u2010Minaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-8734"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joaqu\u00edn Mart\u00ednez-Minaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Statistics and Operational Research, and Quality, Universitat Polit&#x00E8;cnica de Val&#x00E8;ncia, Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-8734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Statistics and Operational Research, and Quality, Universitat Polit&#x00E8;cnica de Val&#x00E8;ncia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079698644","display_name":"Miren Hayet-Otero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miren Hayet-Otero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Tecnolog&#x00ED;a Electr&#x00F3;nica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Tecnolog&#x00ED;a Electr&#x00F3;nica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082443281","display_name":"M\u00f3nica Nieves Ermecheo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089430","display_name":"BioCruces Health research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0061s4v88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089430"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00f3nica Nieves Ermecheo","raw_affiliation_strings":["BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054229228","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Quintana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-7876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116848","display_name":"Hospital de Galdakao","ror":"https://ror.org/025714n80","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848","https://openalex.org/I4210125364"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Quintana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Unit, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","Research Unit at Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-7876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit at Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Galdakao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051642524","display_name":"Rosario Men\u00e9ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3592-3839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019010403","display_name":"Hospital Universitari i Polit\u00e8cnic La Fe","ror":"https://ror.org/01ar2v535","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019010403","https://openalex.org/I4210166036"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosario Men\u00e9ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pneumology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3592-3839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pneumology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019010403"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752902","display_name":"Anton\u00ed Torres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-2167"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoni Torres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pneumology Department, Hospital Cl&#x00ED;nic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-2167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pneumology Department, Hospital Cl&#x00ED;nic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007375251","display_name":"Rafael Zalaca\u00edn Jorge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137412","display_name":"Hospital de Cruces","ror":"https://ror.org/03nzegx43","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125364","https://openalex.org/I4210137412"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Zalacain Jorge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pneumology Service, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain","Pneumology Service at Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pneumology Service, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pneumology Service at Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101906703"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802176441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9804,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8523603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"5","first_page":"2613","last_page":"2623"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.8324000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.8324000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.039500001817941666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.030899999663233757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumonia","display_name":"Pneumonia","score":0.6631584763526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5657919645309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.5278586745262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5029391646385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4994344711303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4950808584690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ordinal-optimization","display_name":"Ordinal optimization","score":0.4397854208946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43557584285736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ordinal-regression","display_name":"Ordinal regression","score":0.3665686845779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.22653356194496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.1762617826461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.1214769184589386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.6631584763526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5657919645309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5278586745262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5029391646385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4994344711303711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4950808584690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81386100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100792","display_name":"Ordinal optimization","level":3,"score":0.4397854208946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43557584285736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110313322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100793","display_name":"Ordinal regression","level":2,"score":0.3665686845779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.22653356194496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.1762617826461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1214769184589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3363765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3363765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38329848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38329848","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dsp.tecnalia.com:11556/6018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2024.3363765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402037","display_name":"TECNALIA Publications (Fundaci\u00f3n TECNALIA Research & Innovation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210113430","host_organization_name":"Tecnalia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113430"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bird.bcamath.org:20.500.11824/1790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11824/1790","pdf_url":"https://bird.bcamath.org/bitstream/20.500.11824/1790/1/manuscript-repo.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401608","display_name":"BIRD (Basque Center for Applied Mathematics)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2802176441","host_organization_name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802176441"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/207491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/207491","pdf_url":"https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/10251/207491/7/Garcia-GarciaLeeEspana%20-%20Cost-Sensitive%20Ordinal%20Classification%20Methods%20to%20Predict%20SARS-CoV-2%20Pneu....pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401500","display_name":"RiuNet (Politechnical University of Valencia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:bird.bcamath.org:20.500.11824/1790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11824/1790","pdf_url":"https://bird.bcamath.org/bitstream/20.500.11824/1790/1/manuscript-repo.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401608","display_name":"BIRD (Basque Center for Applied Mathematics)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2802176441","host_organization_name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802176441"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1509531748","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI / 10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2309174360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3081656539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2021-001142-S","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G440449331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2021-001142-S / MICIN / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4429097262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI / 10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4488079590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BERC 2022-2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5149722201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-115882RB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5404629973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BERC 2022-2025 programme","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5421974903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5805502524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6142565062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019/00432","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6294024929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2021-001142-S","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328444","funder_display_name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6513669844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2021-001142-S / MICIN / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328444","funder_display_name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6589649124","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7436716198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BERC 2022-2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328444","funder_display_name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7643708868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7951220496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2021-001142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8055432103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8432300327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CEX2021-001142-S","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8939903727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","ror":"https://ror.org/00pz2fp31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328444","display_name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/03b21sh32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391661544.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571200655","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1986515506","https://openalex.org/W1997855593","https://openalex.org/W2012942264","https://openalex.org/W2088059023","https://openalex.org/W2096863518","https://openalex.org/W2098824882","https://openalex.org/W2115098571","https://openalex.org/W2122860580","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2154776925","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2190044943","https://openalex.org/W2320270386","https://openalex.org/W2496114304","https://openalex.org/W2593046461","https://openalex.org/W2637477912","https://openalex.org/W2795896985","https://openalex.org/W2896480277","https://openalex.org/W2911416246","https://openalex.org/W2944730645","https://openalex.org/W2945806301","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W3013957175","https://openalex.org/W3014524604","https://openalex.org/W3017117984","https://openalex.org/W3021491605","https://openalex.org/W3028587641","https://openalex.org/W3031876060","https://openalex.org/W3034328076","https://openalex.org/W3034454688","https://openalex.org/W3042914280","https://openalex.org/W3046629770","https://openalex.org/W3049226000","https://openalex.org/W3080219577","https://openalex.org/W3092695915","https://openalex.org/W3095989031","https://openalex.org/W3104951425","https://openalex.org/W3110033545","https://openalex.org/W3111353854","https://openalex.org/W3119604045","https://openalex.org/W3120017613","https://openalex.org/W3121562086","https://openalex.org/W3122501951","https://openalex.org/W3128253629","https://openalex.org/W3128259017","https://openalex.org/W3153825362","https://openalex.org/W3155649056","https://openalex.org/W3156717587","https://openalex.org/W3163565087","https://openalex.org/W3164846705","https://openalex.org/W3170940710","https://openalex.org/W3174752098","https://openalex.org/W3190859596","https://openalex.org/W3191449917","https://openalex.org/W3197308856","https://openalex.org/W4220906760","https://openalex.org/W4365442631","https://openalex.org/W4380884612","https://openalex.org/W6636501900","https://openalex.org/W6682981795","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6739611833","https://openalex.org/W7066667914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984083244","https://openalex.org/W3127156785","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W4200329650","https://openalex.org/W4205215807","https://openalex.org/W156327249","https://openalex.org/W3005417802","https://openalex.org/W4205754011","https://openalex.org/W4226296940","https://openalex.org/W3028835529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"study":[2,27,146],"the":[3,14,102,141,198,247,264,304,310,333],"suitability":[4],"of":[5,16,90,104,140,189,201,228,238,276,313],"costsensitive":[6],"ordinal":[7,53,56,208,282,325],"artificial":[8],"intelligence-machine":[9],"learning":[10,61],"(AIML)":[11],"strategies":[12],"in":[13,28,31,180,295,332],"prognosis":[15],"SARS-CoV-2":[17],"pneumonia":[18],"severity.":[19,161],"MATERIALS":[20],"&":[21,269],"METHODS:":[22],"Observational,":[23],"retrospective,":[24],"longitudinal,":[25],"cohort":[26],"4":[29],"hospitals":[30],"Spain.":[32],"Information":[33],"regarding":[34],"demographic":[35],"and":[36,44,58,77,118,157,213,242,263,283,320,326],"clinical":[37,115,160,260],"status":[38],"was":[39,99,110],"supplemented":[40],"by":[41,101,287],"socioeconomic":[42],"data":[43],"air":[45],"pollution":[46],"exposures.":[47],"We":[48,271],"proposed":[49],"AI-ML":[50,83,125,183,266,277],"algorithms":[51],"for":[52,59,280],"classification":[54,306],"via":[55,62,87],"decomposition":[57],"cost-sensitive":[60,284,327],"resampling":[63],"techniques.":[64],"For":[65],"performance-based":[66],"model":[67,222,302],"selection,":[68],"we":[69,131],"defined":[70],"a":[71,120,215,225,235,288],"custom":[72],"score":[73],"including":[74],"per-class":[75],"sensitivities":[76],"asymmetric":[78,321],"misprognosis":[79],"costs.":[80,322],"260":[81],"distinct":[82],"models":[84],"were":[85,166],"evaluated":[86,133],"10":[88],"repetitions":[89],"5\u00d75":[91],"nested":[92],"cross-validation":[93],"with":[94,136,303,318],"hyperparameter":[95],"tuning.":[96],"Model":[97,177],"selection":[98,178,195],"followed":[100],"calibration":[103],"predicted":[105],"probabilities.":[106],"Final":[107],"overall":[108,244],"performance":[109,307],"compared":[111],"against":[112,119],"five":[113,259],"well-established":[114],"severity":[116,261,293],"scores":[117,262],"'standard'":[121,265],"(non-cost":[122],"sensitive,":[123],"non-ordinal)":[124],"baseline.":[126,267],"In":[127,253],"our":[128,181,254],"best":[129,221,305],"model,":[130],"also":[132],"its":[134],"explainability":[135],"respect":[137],"to":[138],"each":[139],"input":[142],"variables.":[143],"RESULTS:":[144],"The":[145],"enrolled":[147],"n":[148],"=":[149,163,171],"1548":[150],"patients:":[151],"712":[152],"experienced":[153],"low,":[154],"238":[155],"medium,":[156],"598":[158],"high":[159],"d":[162,169,202],"131":[164],"variables":[165],"collected,":[167],"becoming":[168],"'":[170,203],"148":[172],"features":[173],"after":[174],"categorical":[175],"encoding.":[176],"resulted":[179],"best-performing":[182],"pipeline":[184],"having:":[185],"a)":[186],"no":[187,193],"imputation":[188],"missing":[190],"data,":[191],"b)":[192],"feature":[194],"(i.e.":[196],"using":[197],"full":[199],"set":[200],"features),":[204],"c)":[205],"'Ordered":[206],"Partitions'":[207],"decomposition,":[209],"d)":[210],"cost-based":[211],"reimbalance,":[212],"e)":[214],"Histogram-based":[216],"Gradient":[217],"Boosting":[218],"classifier.":[219],"This":[220],"(calibrated)":[223],"obtained":[224],"median":[226],"accuracy":[227,237],"68.1%":[229],"[67.3%,":[230],"68.8%]":[231],"(95%":[232],"confidence":[233],"interval),":[234],"balanced":[236],"57.0%":[239],"[55.6%,":[240],"57.9%],":[241],"an":[243,273],"area":[245],"under":[246],"curve":[248],"(AUC)":[249],"0.802":[250],"[0.795,":[251],"0.808].":[252],"dataset,":[255],"it":[256],"outperformed":[257],"all":[258],"DISCUSSION":[268],"CONCLUSION:":[270],"conducted":[272],"exhaustive":[274],"exploration":[275],"methods":[278],"designed":[279],"both":[281],"classification,":[285],"motivated":[286],"real-world":[289],"application":[290],"domain":[291],"(clinical":[292],"prognosis)":[294],"which":[296],"these":[297,324],"topics":[298],"arise":[299],"naturally.":[300],"Our":[301],"exploited":[308],"successfully":[309],"ordering":[311],"information":[312],"ground":[314],"truth":[315],"classes,":[316],"coping":[317],"imbalance":[319],"However,":[323],"aspects":[328],"are":[329],"seldom":[330],"explored":[331],"literature.":[334]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
