{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388430280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3330667","title":"An Implicit-Explicit Prototypical Alignment Framework for Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation","display_name":"An Implicit-Explicit Prototypical Alignment Framework for Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388430280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3330667","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37930923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3330667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3330667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083602794","display_name":"Chunna Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-0368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunna Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101672679","display_name":"Zhenxi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-8439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenxi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785348","display_name":"Xinbo Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1443-0776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinbo Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Image Cognition, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Image Cognition, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755464","display_name":"Heng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2770-2785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638441","display_name":"Ran Ran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9833-3345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Ran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052716839","display_name":"Zhicheng Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6968-0919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicheng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083602794"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1054,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8033719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"929","last_page":"940"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8207429051399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6912887692451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6908194422721863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.622307538986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5375456809997559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5069625377655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4848085939884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.46846386790275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4644821584224701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4486822187900543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.44057855010032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4257192313671112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.4156157970428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1353588104248047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8207429051399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6912887692451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6908194422721863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.622307538986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5375456809997559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5069625377655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4848085939884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.46846386790275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4644821584224701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4486822187900543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.44057855010032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4257192313671112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4156157970428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1353588104248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000096264","descriptor_name":"Voting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000096264","descriptor_name":"Voting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000096264","descriptor_name":"Voting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000096264","descriptor_name":"Voting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000096264","descriptor_name":"Voting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3330667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3330667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37930923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37930923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3453920714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62221005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8494200937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2034786340","https://openalex.org/W2285968993","https://openalex.org/W2630837129","https://openalex.org/W2750925197","https://openalex.org/W2917551568","https://openalex.org/W2932083555","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2964227007","https://openalex.org/W2979907638","https://openalex.org/W2981689412","https://openalex.org/W2990230185","https://openalex.org/W2990775046","https://openalex.org/W2995808743","https://openalex.org/W2997286550","https://openalex.org/W3031923721","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3035680157","https://openalex.org/W3095848620","https://openalex.org/W3106906018","https://openalex.org/W3107695429","https://openalex.org/W3108189450","https://openalex.org/W3122412340","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3157653192","https://openalex.org/W3157655791","https://openalex.org/W3168822201","https://openalex.org/W3171581326","https://openalex.org/W3172615411","https://openalex.org/W3172949220","https://openalex.org/W3175294391","https://openalex.org/W3195135988","https://openalex.org/W3195975500","https://openalex.org/W3202115483","https://openalex.org/W3202623927","https://openalex.org/W3203434372","https://openalex.org/W3204220269","https://openalex.org/W4214899942","https://openalex.org/W4220911111","https://openalex.org/W4224062659","https://openalex.org/W4224279125","https://openalex.org/W4225894860","https://openalex.org/W4282935002","https://openalex.org/W4292022540","https://openalex.org/W4312310512","https://openalex.org/W4312651959","https://openalex.org/W4313023122","https://openalex.org/W4313196086","https://openalex.org/W4321232185","https://openalex.org/W4386075941","https://openalex.org/W6681588610","https://openalex.org/W6733814495","https://openalex.org/W6739696289","https://openalex.org/W6761152059","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6784265214","https://openalex.org/W6790275670","https://openalex.org/W6797399245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586607209","https://openalex.org/W122912556","https://openalex.org/W4312414840","https://openalex.org/W2621411691","https://openalex.org/W2271357838","https://openalex.org/W2556866732","https://openalex.org/W2328989934","https://openalex.org/W2348322200","https://openalex.org/W2981952041","https://openalex.org/W3148060700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Semi-supervised":[0],"learning":[1,44,84],"methods":[2,201],"have":[3,69],"been":[4],"explored":[5],"to":[6,36,51,56,74,100,137,143,169,175],"mitigate":[7],"the":[8,57,66,76,86,139,145,193],"scarcity":[9],"of":[10,59,151],"pixel-level":[11],"annotation":[12],"in":[13,25,62,154],"medical":[14,183],"image":[15,184],"segmentation":[16,185,200],"tasks.":[17,186],"Consistency":[18],"learning,":[19],"serving":[20],"as":[21],"a":[22,124,159],"mainstream":[23],"method":[24,113,195],"semi-supervised":[26,87,102,155,199],"training,":[27],"suffers":[28],"from":[29,167,172],"low":[30],"efficiency":[31],"and":[32,39,48,79,134,148,171,202],"poor":[33],"stability":[34],"due":[35,55],"inaccurate":[37],"supervision":[38,77,140],"insufficient":[40],"feature":[41,60,80],"representation.":[42],"Prototypical":[43],"is":[45],"one":[46],"potential":[47],"plausible":[49],"way":[50],"handle":[52],"this":[53,91],"problem":[54],"nature":[58],"aggregation":[61],"prototype":[63,111,135,162],"calculation.":[64],"However,":[65],"previous":[67],"works":[68],"not":[70],"fully":[71],"studied":[72],"how":[73],"enhance":[75],"quality":[78],"representation":[81],"using":[82],"prototypical":[83],"under":[85],"condition.":[88],"To":[89],"address":[90],"issue,":[92],"we":[93,107,122,157],"propose":[94],"an":[95,109],"implicit-explicit":[96],"alignment":[97,112],"(IEPAlign)":[98],"framework":[99],"foster":[101],"consistency":[103,147],"training.":[104],"In":[105],"specific,":[106],"develop":[108],"implicit":[110],"based":[114],"on":[115,181],"dynamic":[116],"multiple":[117,125],"prototypes":[118],"on-the-fly.":[119],"And":[120],"then,":[121],"design":[123],"prediction":[126],"voting":[127],"strategy":[128],"for":[129],"reliable":[130],"unlabeled":[131,170],"mask":[132],"generation":[133],"calculation":[136],"improve":[138],"quality.":[141],"Afterward,":[142],"boost":[144],"intra-class":[146],"inter-class":[149],"separability":[150],"pixel-wise":[152],"features":[153],"segmentation,":[156],"construct":[158],"region-aware":[160],"hierarchical":[161],"alignment,":[163],"which":[164],"transmits":[165],"information":[166],"labeled":[168],"certain":[173],"regions":[174],"uncertain":[176],"regions.":[177],"We":[178],"evaluate":[179],"IEPAlign":[180],"three":[182],"The":[187],"extensive":[188],"experimental":[189],"results":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"that":[192],"proposed":[194],"outperforms":[196],"other":[197],"popular":[198],"achieves":[203],"comparable":[204],"performance":[205],"with":[206],"fully-supervised":[207],"training":[208],"methods.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}