{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386857835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3317067","title":"Multi-Scale Efficient Graph-Transformer for Whole Slide Image Classification","display_name":"Multi-Scale Efficient Graph-Transformer for Whole Slide Image Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386857835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3317067","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37725722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3317067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3317067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021106240","display_name":"Saisai Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-7316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saisai Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-7316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648014","display_name":"Juncheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7314-6754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juncheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7314-6754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712167","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-0411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-0411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063863772","display_name":"Shihui Ying","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9423-0146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihui Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9423-0146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032832318","display_name":"Jun Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3226-3978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3226-3978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94283055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"12","first_page":"5926","last_page":"5936"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7862529754638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6037800908088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.58349609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5662771463394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5399231314659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4058695137500763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34766343235969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32061833143234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.15489411354064941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12800216674804688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7862529754638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6037800908088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.58349609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5662771463394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5399231314659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4058695137500763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34766343235969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32061833143234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.15489411354064941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12800216674804688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3317067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3317067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37725722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37725722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1224269346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"81871428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1930164579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"D20031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3161763030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2745940724","https://openalex.org/W2772723798","https://openalex.org/W2890655214","https://openalex.org/W2897068067","https://openalex.org/W2900118953","https://openalex.org/W2904494117","https://openalex.org/W2956228567","https://openalex.org/W2967444033","https://openalex.org/W2988856610","https://openalex.org/W3034447539","https://openalex.org/W3043535018","https://openalex.org/W3091402370","https://openalex.org/W3128210037","https://openalex.org/W3135547872","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3173365702","https://openalex.org/W3176719058","https://openalex.org/W3178324441","https://openalex.org/W3201905155","https://openalex.org/W3203838058","https://openalex.org/W3203898052","https://openalex.org/W3204764952","https://openalex.org/W3209367260","https://openalex.org/W4214614183","https://openalex.org/W4281257868","https://openalex.org/W4283801948","https://openalex.org/W4283809036","https://openalex.org/W4288809219","https://openalex.org/W4312468136","https://openalex.org/W4312765357","https://openalex.org/W4367295871","https://openalex.org/W4386076562","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6733328719","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6747701563","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6803426362","https://openalex.org/W6809995052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W2997152889","https://openalex.org/W4385572700","https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W4285141722","https://openalex.org/W3016124757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60],"multi-scale":[1,17,26,98],"information":[2,113,127,161],"among":[3,141],"the":[4,15,35,77,111,119,138,185,197,200],"whole":[5],"slide":[6],"images":[7],"(WSIs)":[8],"is":[9,65,179],"essential":[10],"for":[11,24,57,153],"cancer":[12],"diagnosis.":[13],"Although":[14],"existing":[16],"vision":[18],"Transformer":[19,72,123],"has":[20],"shown":[21],"its":[22],"effectiveness":[23,198],"learning":[25],"image":[27,43],"representation,":[28],"it":[29],"still":[30],"cannot":[31],"work":[32],"well":[33],"on":[34,190],"gigapixel":[36],"WSIs":[37],"due":[38],"to":[39,66,75,108,124,136,159,170,183],"their":[40],"extremely":[41],"large":[42],"sizes.":[44],"To":[45],"this":[46],"end,":[47],"we":[48,104,131],"propose":[49,132],"a":[50,86,97,133,150,174],"novel":[51,134],"Multi-scale":[52],"Efficient":[53],"Graph-Transformer":[54],"(MEGT)":[55],"framework":[56],"WSI":[58],"classification.":[59],"key":[61],"idea":[62],"of":[63,88,114,128,199],"MEGT":[64],"adopt":[67],"two":[68],"independent":[69],"efficient":[70],"Graph-based":[71],"(EGT)":[73],"branches":[74],"process":[76],"low-resolution":[78],"and":[79,91,193],"high-resolution":[80],"patch":[81,115],"embeddings":[82],"(i.e.,":[83],"tokens":[84,95],"in":[85,181],"Transformer)":[87],"WSIs,":[89],"respectively,":[90],"then":[92],"fuse":[93],"these":[94],"via":[96],"feature":[99,146],"fusion":[100],"module":[101,178],"(MFFM).":[102],"Specifically,":[103],"design":[105],"an":[106,157],"EGT":[107,182],"efficiently":[109],"learn":[110],"local-global":[112],"tokens,":[116],"which":[117,148],"integrates":[118],"graph":[120],"representation":[121],"into":[122],"capture":[125],"spatial-related":[126],"WSIs.":[129],"Meanwhile,":[130],"MFFM":[135],"alleviate":[137],"semantic":[139],"gap":[140],"different":[142],"resolution":[143],"patches":[144],"during":[145],"fusion,":[147],"creates":[149],"non-patch":[151],"token":[152,176],"each":[154],"branch":[155,164],"as":[156],"agent":[158],"exchange":[160],"with":[162],"another":[163],"by":[165],"cross-attention":[166],"mechanism.":[167],"In":[168],"addition,":[169],"expedite":[171],"network":[172],"training,":[173],"new":[175],"pruning":[177],"developed":[180],"reduce":[184],"redundant":[186],"tokens.":[187],"Extensive":[188],"experiments":[189],"both":[191],"TCGA-RCC":[192],"CAMELYON16":[194],"datasets":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"proposed":[201],"MEGT.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}