{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385975893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3306425","title":"A Two-Stage Differential Privacy Scheme for Federated Learning Based on Edge Intelligence","display_name":"A Two-Stage Differential Privacy Scheme for Federated Learning Based on Edge Intelligence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385975893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3306425","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37594867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3306425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3306425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425431","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-8119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055729372","display_name":"Jianbo Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7111-0819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007239379","display_name":"S. Audithan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1772-3649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Audithan Sivaraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jegatha Deborah Lazarus","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jegatha Deborah Lazarus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Tindivanam, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Tamilnadu, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Tindivanam, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030441991","display_name":"Pradip Kumar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-9083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradip Kumar Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028044712","display_name":"Pandi Vijayakumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-8946"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijayakumar Pandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Tindivanam, India","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Tamilnadu, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Tindivanam, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering Tindivanam, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100425431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7509,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92199921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"3349","last_page":"3360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8670262098312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"Differential privacy","score":0.8088561296463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.6156553030014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5544857978820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5232871174812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4887964427471161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sensitivity","display_name":"Information sensitivity","score":0.46363919973373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.442417711019516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43793031573295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41913196444511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.416983038187027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4121044874191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.195858895778656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8670262098312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23130292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275358","display_name":"Differential privacy","level":2,"score":0.8088561296463013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.6156553030014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5544857978820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5232871174812317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4887964427471161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.46363919973373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.442417711019516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43793031573295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41913196444511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.416983038187027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4121044874191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.195858895778656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067917","descriptor_name":"Cloud Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067917","descriptor_name":"Cloud Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067917","descriptor_name":"Cloud Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067917","descriptor_name":"Cloud Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067917","descriptor_name":"Cloud Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3306425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3306425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37594867","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37594867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1862522826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2179543347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ30278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981029888","https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2392395307","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2785343799","https://openalex.org/W2789607830","https://openalex.org/W2794550444","https://openalex.org/W2797870998","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2946881590","https://openalex.org/W2950865323","https://openalex.org/W2962061783","https://openalex.org/W2972905081","https://openalex.org/W2996129147","https://openalex.org/W3013966144","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3023244064","https://openalex.org/W3044796230","https://openalex.org/W3111512201","https://openalex.org/W3183858692","https://openalex.org/W3192324887","https://openalex.org/W3193254256","https://openalex.org/W4210630464","https://openalex.org/W4312722286","https://openalex.org/W4382237486","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6742396582","https://openalex.org/W6746720608","https://openalex.org/W6757292943"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019704260","https://openalex.org/W2900631219","https://openalex.org/W4304208041","https://openalex.org/W4212899026","https://openalex.org/W4390570329","https://openalex.org/W2795052735","https://openalex.org/W2758544064","https://openalex.org/W4286750579","https://openalex.org/W3081971900","https://openalex.org/W2603823019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,163,187],"issue":[1],"of":[2,43,53,86,109,127,135,165,168],"data":[3,54,71,77],"privacy":[4,32,44,87,108,183],"protection":[5],"must":[6],"be":[7,47],"considered":[8],"in":[9,118,133],"distributed":[10],"federated":[11],"learning":[12],"(FL)":[13],"so":[14],"as":[15],"to":[16,50,66,96,104,123,159],"ensure":[17],"that":[18,191],"sensitive":[19],"information":[20],"is":[21,64,94,157,178],"not":[22],"leaked.":[23],"In":[24,56,89,121],"this":[25],"article,":[26],"we":[27],"propose":[28],"a":[29,145],"two-stage":[30],"differential":[31],"(DP)":[33],"framework":[34,132,195],"for":[35,76],"FL":[36,131],"based":[37],"on":[38,144,174,181],"edge":[39,102],"intelligence.":[40],"Various":[41],"levels":[42],"preservation":[45],"can":[46,82],"provided":[48],"according":[49],"the":[51,57,60,68,73,80,84,90,97,101,107,110,113,119,125,128,175,192],"degree":[52],"sensitivity.":[55],"first":[58],"stage,":[59,92],"randomized":[61],"response":[62],"mechanism":[63],"used":[65],"perturb":[67],"original":[69],"feature":[70,169],"by":[72,100],"user":[74,81],"terminal":[75],"desensitization,":[78],"and":[79,138,171,185,199],"self-regulate":[83],"level":[85],"preservation.":[88],"second":[91],"noise":[93,172],"added":[95],"local":[98],"models":[99],"server":[103],"further":[105],"guarantee":[106],"models.":[111],"Finally,":[112],"model":[114,176],"updates":[115],"are":[116,142],"aggregated":[117],"cloud.":[120],"order":[122],"evaluate":[124],"performance":[126],"proposed":[129,193],"end-edge-cloud":[130],"terms":[134],"training":[136,160],"accuracy":[137,177,198],"convergence,":[139],"extensive":[140],"experiments":[141],"conducted":[143],"real":[146],"electrocardiogram":[147],"(ECG)":[148],"signal":[149],"dataset.":[150],"Bi-directional":[151],"long-short-term":[152],"memory":[153],"(BiLSTM)":[154],"neural":[155],"network":[156],"adopted":[158],"classification":[161],"model.":[162],"effect":[164],"different":[166,182],"combinations":[167],"perturbation":[170],"addition":[173],"analyzed":[179],"depending":[180],"budgets":[184],"parameters.":[186],"experimental":[188],"results":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"privacy-preserving":[194],"provides":[196],"good":[197],"convergence":[200],"while":[201],"ensuring":[202],"privacy.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}