{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385731894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3304010","title":"Modeling the Impact of Inter-Rater Disagreement on Sleep Statistics Using Deep Generative Learning","display_name":"Modeling the Impact of Inter-Rater Disagreement on Sleep Statistics Using Deep Generative Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385731894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3304010","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37561616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3304010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3304010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/312722714/Modeling_the_Impact_of_Inter-Rater_Disagreement_on_Sleep_Statistics_Using_Deep_Generative_Learning.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003543657","display_name":"Hans van Gorp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-2874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122849","display_name":"Philips (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/02p2bgp27","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans van Gorp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-2874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050293764","display_name":"Merel M. van Gilst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-5686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132398","display_name":"Kempenhaeghe","ror":"https://ror.org/03bbe8e53","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132398"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merel M. van Gilst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Sleep Medicine Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-5686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sleep Medicine Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132398"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074377426","display_name":"Pedro Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2932-6402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122849","display_name":"Philips (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/02p2bgp27","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2932-6402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059334004","display_name":"Sebastiaan Overeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6445-9836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132398","display_name":"Kempenhaeghe","ror":"https://ror.org/03bbe8e53","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132398"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastiaan Overeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Sleep Medicine Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6445-9836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sleep Medicine Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132398"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042985821","display_name":"Ruud J. G. van Sloun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2845-0495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122849","display_name":"Philips (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/02p2bgp27","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruud J.G. van Sloun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2845-0495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2293,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78053087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"11","first_page":"5599","last_page":"5609"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.6719935536384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6607074737548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4964190125465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4850868284702301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.4570785164833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.41594821214675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.35340404510498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3447340130805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.26602256298065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.1756199598312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14724943041801453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09007886052131653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.6719935536384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6607074737548828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4964190125465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4850868284702301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.4570785164833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.41594821214675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.35340404510498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3447340130805969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26602256298065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.1756199598312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14724943041801453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09007886052131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3304010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3304010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37561616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37561616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire/46a985aa-70ff-4732-aa36-991ace3d047a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/46a985aa-70ff-4732-aa36-991ace3d047a","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/312722714/Modeling_the_Impact_of_Inter-Rater_Disagreement_on_Sleep_Statistics_Using_Deep_Generative_Learning.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"van Gorp, H, van Gilst, M M, Fonseca, P, Overeem, S & van Sloun, R J G 2023, 'Modeling the Impact of Inter-Rater Disagreement on Sleep Statistics using Deep Generative Learning', IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 27, no. 11, 10214268, pp. 5599-5609. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2023.3304010","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire/46a985aa-70ff-4732-aa36-991ace3d047a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/46a985aa-70ff-4732-aa36-991ace3d047a","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/312722714/Modeling_the_Impact_of_Inter-Rater_Disagreement_on_Sleep_Statistics_Using_Deep_Generative_Learning.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"van Gorp, H, van Gilst, M M, Fonseca, P, Overeem, S & van Sloun, R J G 2023, 'Modeling the Impact of Inter-Rater Disagreement on Sleep Statistics using Deep Generative Learning', IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 27, no. 11, 10214268, pp. 5599-5609. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2023.3304010","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312570","display_name":"Jazz Pharmaceuticals","ror":"https://ror.org/055mhsv54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321651","display_name":"Technische Universiteit Eindhoven","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323392","display_name":"Universidade de Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329456","display_name":"Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337846","display_name":"UCB Pharma","ror":"https://ror.org/01n029866"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385731894.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385731894.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582134693","https://openalex.org/W1494388112","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1963756232","https://openalex.org/W1980157457","https://openalex.org/W1984336848","https://openalex.org/W2005852164","https://openalex.org/W2014238635","https://openalex.org/W2075819626","https://openalex.org/W2106896257","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2129069237","https://openalex.org/W2143159308","https://openalex.org/W2163166459","https://openalex.org/W2164411961","https://openalex.org/W2172894528","https://openalex.org/W2188365844","https://openalex.org/W2402366071","https://openalex.org/W2525537354","https://openalex.org/W2774612629","https://openalex.org/W2786540712","https://openalex.org/W2793865197","https://openalex.org/W2802208095","https://openalex.org/W2805075551","https://openalex.org/W2808565277","https://openalex.org/W2902751862","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2989193306","https://openalex.org/W2992005611","https://openalex.org/W3035711539","https://openalex.org/W3044656331","https://openalex.org/W3082394918","https://openalex.org/W3110257065","https://openalex.org/W3116738129","https://openalex.org/W3117339351","https://openalex.org/W3156463266","https://openalex.org/W3158818505","https://openalex.org/W3165396901","https://openalex.org/W3176079732","https://openalex.org/W3186929955","https://openalex.org/W3201282232","https://openalex.org/W3203538342","https://openalex.org/W3205486398","https://openalex.org/W4220988906","https://openalex.org/W4224035735","https://openalex.org/W4281647980","https://openalex.org/W4283787456","https://openalex.org/W4287072106","https://openalex.org/W4289761690","https://openalex.org/W4297798428","https://openalex.org/W4304758427","https://openalex.org/W4309971078","https://openalex.org/W4319812639","https://openalex.org/W4388683799","https://openalex.org/W6617145748","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6684488266","https://openalex.org/W6687045409","https://openalex.org/W6714644935","https://openalex.org/W6746820439","https://openalex.org/W6752910514","https://openalex.org/W6771256060","https://openalex.org/W6786375611","https://openalex.org/W6787866450","https://openalex.org/W6799272542","https://openalex.org/W6809885388","https://openalex.org/W6846649469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390146185","https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4391584540","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4395044357","https://openalex.org/W4287117424","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W2087346071"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sleep":[0],"staging":[1,60,162],"is":[2,11,21,35,66,221],"the":[3,82,122,125,172,176,181,188,208,234],"process":[4],"by":[5,63,152],"which":[6,20,75],"an":[7],"overnight":[8,43,83,129,192,201],"polysomnographic":[9],"measurement":[10],"segmented":[12],"into":[13,233],"epochs":[14],"of":[15,19,27,124,128,147,166,186,191,197],"30":[16],"seconds,":[17],"each":[18,150],"annotated":[22],"as":[23,38,49,61],"belonging":[24],"to":[25,97,137,223],"one":[26],"five":[28],"discrete":[29],"sleep":[30,44,51,54,59,93,102,130,161,193,202,218,240,244],"stages.":[31],"The":[32,156,195],"resulting":[33],"scoring":[34,140],"graphically":[36],"depicted":[37],"a":[39,109,143],"hypnogram,":[40],"and":[41,53,69,168,207,213,228,242],"several":[42],"statistics":[45,203],"are":[46],"derived,":[47],"such":[48],"total":[50],"time":[52],"onset":[55],"latency.":[56],"Gold":[57],"standard":[58],"performed":[62],"human":[64],"technicians":[65],"time-consuming,":[67],"costly,":[68],"comes":[70],"with":[71],"imperfect":[72],"inter-scorer":[73,79,99],"agreement,":[74],"also":[76],"results":[77],"in":[78,91,101,164,184],"disagreement":[80,100,127,190,199,209,226,237],"about":[81,200,217],"statistics.":[84,103,194],"Deep":[85],"learning":[86],"algorithms":[87],"have":[88],"shown":[89],"promise":[90],"automating":[92],"scoring,":[94],"but":[95],"struggle":[96],"model":[98,224],"To":[104],"that":[105,120],"end,":[106],"we":[107],"introduce":[108],"novel":[110],"technique":[111],"using":[112],"conditional":[113],"generative":[114],"models":[115],"based":[116],"on":[117,142,171,239],"Normalizing":[118],"Flows":[119],"permits":[121],"modeling":[123,187],"inter-rater":[126,189,198,236],"statistics,":[131],"termed":[132],"U-Flow.":[133],"We":[134],"compare":[135],"U-Flow":[136,179,220],"other":[138,182],"automatic":[139],"methods":[141,183],"hold-out":[144],"test":[145],"set":[146],"70":[148],"subjects,":[149],"scored":[151],"six":[153],"independent":[154],"scorers.":[155],"proposed":[157],"method":[158],"achieves":[159],"similar":[160],"performance":[163],"terms":[165,185],"accuracy":[167],"Cohen's":[169],"kappa":[170],"majority-voted":[173],"hypnograms.":[174],"At":[175],"same":[177],"time,":[178],"outperforms":[180],"consequences":[196],"may":[204],"be":[205],"great,":[206],"potentially":[210],"carries":[211],"diagnostic":[212],"scientifically":[214],"relevant":[215],"information":[216],"structure.":[219],"able":[222],"this":[225],"efficiently":[227],"can":[229],"support":[230],"further":[231],"investigations":[232],"impact":[235],"has":[238],"medicine":[241],"basic":[243],"research.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
