{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365443922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3266977","title":"BATFormer: Towards Boundary-Aware Lightweight Transformer for Efficient Medical Image Segmentation","display_name":"BATFormer: Towards Boundary-Aware Lightweight Transformer for Efficient Medical Image Segmentation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365443922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3266977","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37053058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3266977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3266977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450509","display_name":"Xian Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8291-4823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xian Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8291-4823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739349","display_name":"Li Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-2558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077687075","display_name":"Kwang\u2010Ting Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-4912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwang-Ting Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-4912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079057344","display_name":"Zengqiang Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2039-3863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengqiang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2039-3863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100450509"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2779,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98078327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"7","first_page":"3501","last_page":"3512"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.8008000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.8008000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.033900000154972076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.019099999219179153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.67225581407547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.6648255586624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6070026755332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5408125519752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5026059150695801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4500824809074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.4401141405105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4231160283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1108178198337555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10012105107307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.07934635877609253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.67225581407547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.6648255586624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6070026755332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5408125519752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5026059150695801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4500824809074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.4401141405105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4231160283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1108178198337555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10012105107307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.07934635877609253}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006352","descriptor_name":"Heart Ventricles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006352","descriptor_name":"Heart Ventricles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006352","descriptor_name":"Heart Ventricles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006352","descriptor_name":"Heart Ventricles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3266977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2023.3266977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37053058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37053058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-127519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-127519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3236001388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8019045571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2126096326","https://openalex.org/W2744730369","https://openalex.org/W2767801289","https://openalex.org/W2789621124","https://openalex.org/W2802388893","https://openalex.org/W2804047627","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2888358068","https://openalex.org/W2907750714","https://openalex.org/W2914410118","https://openalex.org/W2921406441","https://openalex.org/W2932083555","https://openalex.org/W2954299637","https://openalex.org/W2962885625","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963395421","https://openalex.org/W2963736634","https://openalex.org/W3012126194","https://openalex.org/W3013198566","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3046667076","https://openalex.org/W3088257970","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3096812112","https://openalex.org/W3101848196","https://openalex.org/W3102785203","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3133281654","https://openalex.org/W3136212843","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3160284783","https://openalex.org/W3168491317","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3178812510","https://openalex.org/W3182372246","https://openalex.org/W3186019569","https://openalex.org/W3198035652","https://openalex.org/W3202006954","https://openalex.org/W3203480968","https://openalex.org/W3204255739","https://openalex.org/W3204614423","https://openalex.org/W3204685218","https://openalex.org/W3204700807","https://openalex.org/W3209646389","https://openalex.org/W3211983881","https://openalex.org/W3212933375","https://openalex.org/W4200015473","https://openalex.org/W4212875960","https://openalex.org/W4285602699","https://openalex.org/W4302363625","https://openalex.org/W4309164350","https://openalex.org/W4312568229","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4313527261","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6744338214","https://openalex.org/W6757472644","https://openalex.org/W6761152059","https://openalex.org/W6766084031","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6786394082","https://openalex.org/W6790275670","https://openalex.org/W6791217868","https://openalex.org/W6791241316","https://openalex.org/W6791469159","https://openalex.org/W6795435739","https://openalex.org/W6797326647","https://openalex.org/W6797629065","https://openalex.org/W6799370480","https://openalex.org/W6801350836","https://openalex.org/W6803821885","https://openalex.org/W6848027525","https://openalex.org/W6850848131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986655823","https://openalex.org/W2185902295","https://openalex.org/W2103507220","https://openalex.org/W3144569342","https://openalex.org/W3011384228","https://openalex.org/W2124969951","https://openalex.org/W2945274617","https://openalex.org/W4313052709","https://openalex.org/W4298131179","https://openalex.org/W2375430703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Transformers,":[1],"born":[2],"to":[3,40,81,100,237,270],"remedy":[4],"the":[5,17,42,76,84,116,154,169,185,195,199,217,225,232,238,247,262],"inadequate":[6],"receptive":[7],"fields":[8],"of":[9,21,78,86,118,156,174,207,228,249,264],"CNNs,":[10],"have":[11],"drawn":[12],"explosive":[13],"attention":[14],"recently.":[15],"However,":[16],"daunting":[18],"computational":[19,69,113,160,234],"complexity":[20,70,161,235],"global":[22,65,94,109],"representation":[23],"learning,":[24],"together":[25],"with":[26,67,111],"rigid":[27,135],"window":[28,136,150],"partitioning,":[29],"hinders":[30],"their":[31],"deployment":[32],"in":[33,46,88,121,138,172,202],"medical":[34,50,122,257],"image":[35,51,123,258],"segmentation.":[36,52,259],"This":[37],"work":[38],"aims":[39],"address":[41],"above":[43],"two":[44],"issues":[45],"transformers":[47,87,140,252],"for":[48,107,158,184,253],"better":[49,256],"METHODS:":[53],"We":[54,260],"propose":[55],"a":[56,92,125],"boundary-aware":[57,126],"lightweight":[58],"transformer":[59,95,128],"(BATFormer)":[60],"that":[61],"can":[62],"build":[63],"cross-scale":[64,93],"interaction":[66],"lower":[68,112],"and":[71,163,181,190,198,205,212,231,255,268],"generate":[72],"windows":[73],"flexibly":[74],"under":[75,153],"guidance":[77,155],"entropy.":[79],"Specifically,":[80],"fully":[82],"explore":[83],"benefits":[85],"long-range":[89],"dependency":[90],"establishment,":[91],"(CGT)":[96],"module":[97,130],"is":[98,131,266],"introduced":[99],"jointly":[101],"utilize":[102],"multiple":[103],"small-scale":[104],"feature":[105],"maps":[106],"richer":[108],"features":[110],"complexity.":[114],"Given":[115],"importance":[117],"shape":[119,164],"modeling":[120],"segmentation,":[124],"local":[127],"(BLT)":[129],"constructed.":[132],"Different":[133],"from":[134],"partitioning":[137,151],"vanilla":[139],"which":[141],"would":[142],"produce":[143],"boundary":[144],"distortion,":[145],"BLT":[146],"adopts":[147],"an":[148],"adaptive":[149],"scheme":[152],"entropy":[157],"both":[159],"reduction":[162],"preservation.":[165],"RESULTS:":[166],"BATFormer":[167,223,265],"achieves":[168],"best":[170,200],"performance":[171,201],"Dice":[173],"92.84":[175],"%,":[176,178,180,209,211],"91.97":[177],"90.26":[179],"96.30":[182],"%":[183,214],"average,":[186],"right":[187],"ventricle,":[188],"myocardium,":[189],"left":[191],"ventricle":[192],"respectively":[193,215],"on":[194,216],"ACDC":[196],"dataset":[197],"Dice,":[203],"IoU,":[204],"ACC":[206],"90.76":[208],"84.64":[210],"96.76":[213],"ISIC":[218],"2018":[219],"dataset.":[220],"More":[221],"importantly,":[222],"requires":[224],"least":[226],"amount":[227],"model":[229],"parameters":[230],"lowest":[233],"compared":[236],"state-of-the-art":[239],"approaches.":[240],"CONCLUSION":[241],"AND":[242],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[243],"Our":[244],"results":[245],"demonstrate":[246],"necessity":[248],"developing":[250],"customized":[251],"efficient":[254],"believe":[261],"design":[263],"inspiring":[267],"extendable":[269],"other":[271],"applications/frameworks.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}