{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312960330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3228329","title":"Real-Time Gait Phase Detection on Wearable Devices for Real-World Free-Living Gait","display_name":"Real-Time Gait Phase Detection on Wearable Devices for Real-World Free-Living Gait","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312960330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3228329","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37015703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3228329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3228329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072030308","display_name":"Jiaen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5020-873X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5020-873X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064513356","display_name":"Barna Becsek","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barna Becsek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082596680","display_name":"Alessandro Schaer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-9185"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Schaer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-9185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035418297","display_name":"Henrik Maurenbrecher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9231-0919"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrik Maurenbrecher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064265885","display_name":"George Chatzipirpiridis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Chatzipirpiridis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112183163","display_name":"Olga\u00e7 Ergeneman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olgac Ergeneman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magnes AG, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012597574","display_name":"Salvador Pan\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0147-8287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvador Pan\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019942157","display_name":"Hamdi Torun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7882-286X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamdi Torun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7882-286X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006427311","display_name":"Bradley J. Nelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-6987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley J. Nelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-6987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072030308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9621,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85667002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3","first_page":"1295","last_page":"1306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.7454115748405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.7249375581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6587222218513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6233865022659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5916693210601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-analysis","display_name":"Gait analysis","score":0.5188511610031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4820576608181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.47634342312812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4239007234573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.17282646894454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.14520999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08524557948112488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.7454115748405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.7249375581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6587222218513489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6233865022659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5916693210601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173906292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493441","display_name":"Gait analysis","level":3,"score":0.5188511610031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4820576608181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.47634342312812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4239007234573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.17282646894454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.14520999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08524557948112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3228329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3228329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37015703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37015703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:51450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/51450/1/K_Means_RSVM_IEEE_JBHI_Revision2.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631072183","https://openalex.org/W1572784337","https://openalex.org/W1605479404","https://openalex.org/W1903118654","https://openalex.org/W1989175389","https://openalex.org/W2000468033","https://openalex.org/W2017661761","https://openalex.org/W2024817068","https://openalex.org/W2030254544","https://openalex.org/W2037643601","https://openalex.org/W2078749671","https://openalex.org/W2096846113","https://openalex.org/W2112711387","https://openalex.org/W2115694019","https://openalex.org/W2119073679","https://openalex.org/W2126625187","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2142004558","https://openalex.org/W2151040995","https://openalex.org/W2210091575","https://openalex.org/W2342880992","https://openalex.org/W2526225066","https://openalex.org/W2553652737","https://openalex.org/W2724719322","https://openalex.org/W2735939755","https://openalex.org/W2884542918","https://openalex.org/W2898429451","https://openalex.org/W2947092242","https://openalex.org/W3006252679","https://openalex.org/W3134208004","https://openalex.org/W3135449185","https://openalex.org/W3154710845","https://openalex.org/W3156167611","https://openalex.org/W4205564963","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4296438072","https://openalex.org/W4311864887","https://openalex.org/W6636033586","https://openalex.org/W6677380243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133973503","https://openalex.org/W2471060339","https://openalex.org/W4226182457","https://openalex.org/W2158764002","https://openalex.org/W2148547327","https://openalex.org/W4226236273","https://openalex.org/W2125892956","https://openalex.org/W2790560349","https://openalex.org/W2130975749","https://openalex.org/W2493973380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"gait":[1,14,38,112,121],"phases":[2],"with":[3,107,170,180,200],"wearables":[4],"unobtrusively":[5],"and":[6,16,33,67,93,102,135,150,189],"reliably":[7],"in":[8,28,111],"real-time":[9,37,152,178],"is":[10,73,80,129,141,158],"important":[11],"for":[12,48],"clinical":[13],"rehabilitation":[15],"early":[17],"diagnosis":[18],"of":[19,26,96,105,116,146,183,187,192],"neurological":[20],"diseases.":[21],"Due":[22],"to":[23,75,88,131],"hardware":[24],"limitations":[25],"microcontrollers":[27,43],"wearable":[29,148],"devices":[30],"(e.g.,":[31],"memory":[32],"computation":[34,94],"power),":[35],"reliable":[36],"phase":[39,113,122],"detection":[40],"on":[41,60,143],"the":[42,84,90,125,127,133,154],"remains":[44],"a":[45,56,61,68,97,103,144,147,166,176,185,190],"challenge,":[46],"especially":[47],"long-term":[49],"real-world":[50,168],"free-living":[51,172],"gait.":[52,173],"In":[53],"this":[54],"work,":[55],"novel":[57],"algorithm":[58,140,195],"based":[59],"reduced":[62],"support":[63],"vector":[64],"machine":[65,71],"(RSVM)":[66],"finite":[69],"state":[70],"(FSM)":[72],"developed":[74,81,139],"address":[76],"this.":[77],"The":[78,138,194],"RSVM":[79],"by":[82,100,160],"exploiting":[83],"cascaded":[85],"K-means":[86],"clustering":[87],"reduce":[89],"model":[91],"size":[92],"time":[95],"standard":[98],"SVM":[99],"88%":[101],"factor":[104],"36,":[106],"only":[108],"minor":[109],"degradation":[110],"prediction":[114,123,134],"accuracy":[115,182],"around":[117],"4%.":[118],"For":[119],"each":[120],"from":[124],"RSVM,":[126],"FSM":[128],"designed":[130],"validate":[132],"correct":[136],"misclassifications.":[137],"implemented":[142],"microcontroller":[145],"device":[149],"its":[151,198],"(on":[153],"fly)":[155],"classification":[156],"performance":[157,179],"evaluated":[159],"twenty":[161],"healthy":[162],"subjects":[163],"walking":[164,202],"along":[165],"predefined":[167],"route":[169],"uncontrolled":[171],"It":[174],"shows":[175],"promising":[177],"an":[181],"91.51%,":[184],"sensitivity":[186],"91.70%,":[188],"specificity":[191],"95.77%.":[193],"also":[196],"demonstrates":[197],"robustness":[199],"varying":[201],"conditions.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
