{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309409006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3223127","title":"MLNet: Metaheuristics-Based Lightweight Deep Learning Network for Cervical Cancer Diagnosis","display_name":"MLNet: Metaheuristics-Based Lightweight Deep Learning Network for Cervical Cancer Diagnosis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309409006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3223127","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36399582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3223127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3223127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101898959","display_name":"Manjit Kaur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manjit Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013150230","display_name":"Dilbag Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6475-4491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dilbag Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113696439","display_name":"Vijay Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1376-213X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36909309","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Hamirpur","ror":"https://ror.org/01nc8zs04","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36909309","https://openalex.org/I4210152752"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36909309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034347136","display_name":"Heung-No Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-5778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39534123","display_name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024kbgz78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heung-No Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101898959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39534123"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7931,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96588877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"10","first_page":"5004","last_page":"5014"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10146","display_name":"Cervical Cancer and HPV Research","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.7913060784339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7601969838142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6773066520690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-cancer","display_name":"Cervical cancer","score":0.5968212485313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.589420735836029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.5753128528594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.574418306350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5699875354766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5256204009056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"Differential evolution","score":0.4860156178474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48283109068870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41594475507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.38671234250068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33535104990005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3308192491531372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3204617202281952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14676713943481445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7913060784339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7601969838142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6773066520690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160105","display_name":"Cervical cancer","level":3,"score":0.5968212485313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.589420735836029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.5753128528594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.574418306350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5699875354766846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5256204009056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.4860156178474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48283109068870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41594475507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.38671234250068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33535104990005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3308192491531372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3204617202281952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14676713943481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002583","descriptor_name":"Uterine Cervical Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002583","descriptor_name":"Uterine Cervical Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002583","descriptor_name":"Uterine Cervical Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009333","descriptor_name":"Neck","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009333","descriptor_name":"Neck","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009333","descriptor_name":"Neck","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3223127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3223127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36399582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36399582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130311181","https://openalex.org/W2076242843","https://openalex.org/W2113874502","https://openalex.org/W2147541126","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2537988091","https://openalex.org/W2600185569","https://openalex.org/W2611332446","https://openalex.org/W2616720730","https://openalex.org/W2789477383","https://openalex.org/W2887642056","https://openalex.org/W2889646458","https://openalex.org/W2892046320","https://openalex.org/W2898228694","https://openalex.org/W2955793676","https://openalex.org/W2962711591","https://openalex.org/W2969980243","https://openalex.org/W2970055610","https://openalex.org/W2972574169","https://openalex.org/W2974328964","https://openalex.org/W2985522522","https://openalex.org/W3002347150","https://openalex.org/W3007473623","https://openalex.org/W3024740627","https://openalex.org/W3033728548","https://openalex.org/W3034553879","https://openalex.org/W3043028810","https://openalex.org/W3093496925","https://openalex.org/W3102737931","https://openalex.org/W3128258769","https://openalex.org/W3130039502","https://openalex.org/W3133735015","https://openalex.org/W3156804249","https://openalex.org/W3169982119","https://openalex.org/W3177549357","https://openalex.org/W3181029726","https://openalex.org/W3188865129","https://openalex.org/W3201046531","https://openalex.org/W3202910984","https://openalex.org/W3212083459","https://openalex.org/W3214901590","https://openalex.org/W3216361822","https://openalex.org/W4200251365","https://openalex.org/W4200300941","https://openalex.org/W4200389025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789681586","https://openalex.org/W2794361564","https://openalex.org/W4243392960","https://openalex.org/W2079579310","https://openalex.org/W2064731037","https://openalex.org/W1972566927","https://openalex.org/W2003904901","https://openalex.org/W2076297169","https://openalex.org/W2767141225","https://openalex.org/W3110639284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,5,21,41,74,110,115,119,158,188,219],"the":[2,19,39,70,94,108,123,148,153,175,183,205,214],"leading":[3],"causes":[4],"cancer-related":[6],"deaths":[7],"among":[8],"women":[9],"is":[10,67,79,89,104,128,137],"cervical":[11,34,144],"cancer.":[12,23],"Early":[13],"diagnosis":[14,36],"and":[15,28,49,117,139,163,170,193,200,224,231],"treatment":[16],"can":[17],"minimize":[18],"complications":[20],"this":[22,58],"Recently,":[24],"researchers":[25],"have":[26],"designed":[27],"implemented":[29],"many":[30],"deep":[31,63],"learning-based":[32],"automated":[33],"cancer":[35,145],"models.":[37],"However,":[38],"majority":[40],"these":[42,55],"models":[43,155,185,216],"suffer":[44],"from":[45],"over-fitting,":[46],"parameter":[47],"tuning,":[48],"gradient":[50],"vanishing":[51],"problems.":[52],"To":[53],"overcome":[54],"problems,":[56],"in":[57,156,186,217],"paper":[59],"a":[60,82,131],"metaheuristics-based":[61],"lightweight":[62],"learning":[64],"network":[65,77],"(MLNet)":[66],"proposed.":[68],"Initially,":[69],"hyper-parameters":[71,109],"tuning":[72],"problem":[73],"convolutional":[75],"neural":[76],"(CNN)":[78],"defined":[80],"as":[81,130],"multi-objective":[83],"problem.":[84],"Particle":[85],"swarm":[86],"optimization":[87],"(PSO)":[88],"used":[90,129],"to":[91,106],"optimally":[92],"define":[93],"CNN":[95,111,125],"architecture.":[96],"Thereafter,":[97],"Dynamically":[98],"hybrid":[99],"niching":[100],"differential":[101],"evolution":[102],"(DHDE)":[103],"utilized":[105],"optimize":[107],"layers.":[112],"Each":[113],"particle":[114],"PSO":[116],"solution":[118],"DHDE":[120],"together":[121],"represent":[122],"possible":[124],"configuration.":[126],"F-score":[127],"fitness":[132],"function.":[133],"The":[134],"proposed":[135],"MLNet":[136,151,178,209],"trained":[138],"validated":[140],"on":[141,174,204],"three":[142],"benchmark":[143],"datasets.":[146],"On":[147],"Herlev":[149],"dataset,":[150,177,208],"outperforms":[152],"existing":[154,184],"terms":[157,187,218],"accuracy,":[159,189,220],"f-measure,":[160,190,221],"sensitivity,":[161,191,222],"specificity,":[162,192,223],"precision":[164,194,225],"by":[165,195,226],"1.6254%,":[166],"1.5178%,":[167],"1.5780%,":[168],"1.7145%,":[169],"1.4890%,":[171],"respectively.":[172,202,233],"Also,":[173],"SIPaKMeD":[176],"achieves":[179,210],"better":[180,211],"performance":[181,212],"than":[182,213],"2.1250%,":[196],"2.2455%,":[197],"1.9074%,":[198],"1.9258%,":[199],"1.8975%,":[201],"Finally,":[203],"Mendeley":[206],"LBC":[207],"competitive":[215],"1.4680%,":[227],"1.5845%,":[228],"1.3582%,":[229],"1.3926%,":[230],"1.4125%,":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}