{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192966023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3101982","title":"From Online Handwriting to Synthetic Images for Alzheimer's Disease Detection Using a Deep Transfer Learning Approach","display_name":"From Online Handwriting to Synthetic Images for Alzheimer's Disease Detection Using a Deep Transfer Learning Approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192966023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3101982","mag":"3192966023","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34347614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3101982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3101982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024731306","display_name":"Nicole Dalia Cilia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9631-5802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicole D. Cilia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy","[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino (FR), Italy, (e-mail: nicoledalia.cilia@unicas.it)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino (FR), Italy, (e-mail: nicoledalia.cilia@unicas.it)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059797221","display_name":"Tiziana D\u2019Alessandro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4340-7227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiziana D'Alessandro","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino (FR), Italy, (e-mail: tiziana.dalessandro@unicas.it)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino (FR), Italy, (e-mail: tiziana.dalessandro@unicas.it)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057804135","display_name":"Claudio De Stefano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-6849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio De Stefano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy","[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino, Other, Italy, (e-mail: destefano@unicas.it)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-6849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino, Other, Italy, (e-mail: destefano@unicas.it)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061447464","display_name":"Francesco Fontanella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3242-0179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Fontanella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy","[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino (FR), Italy, (e-mail: fontanella@unicas.it)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3242-0179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino (FR), Italy, (e-mail: fontanella@unicas.it)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042992044","display_name":"Mario Molinara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-0654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Molinara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy","[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino (FR), Italy, (e-mail: m.molinara@unicas.it)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-0654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 18962 Cassino (FR), Italy, (e-mail: m.molinara@unicas.it)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024731306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.783,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91052329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"12","first_page":"4243","last_page":"4254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.802562952041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.7849878072738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6852768063545227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6269948482513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6000924706459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.52227783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5021753311157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4825379252433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.45408207178115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2649245858192444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.802562952041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.7849878072738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6852768063545227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6269948482513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6000924706459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.52227783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5021753311157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4825379252433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.45408207178115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2649245858192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006236","descriptor_name":"Handwriting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3101982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3101982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34347614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34347614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33163430","https://openalex.org/W107545952","https://openalex.org/W1594008391","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1991286329","https://openalex.org/W2008870810","https://openalex.org/W2010122394","https://openalex.org/W2013608448","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2113199056","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2296099959","https://openalex.org/W2509830706","https://openalex.org/W2554071038","https://openalex.org/W2787980378","https://openalex.org/W2795875124","https://openalex.org/W2804681111","https://openalex.org/W2805246634","https://openalex.org/W2884719504","https://openalex.org/W2885570862","https://openalex.org/W2899700228","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2922045303","https://openalex.org/W2942852966","https://openalex.org/W2943160821","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2969543299","https://openalex.org/W2972100858","https://openalex.org/W2983082297","https://openalex.org/W2996669680","https://openalex.org/W3003213187","https://openalex.org/W3015972204","https://openalex.org/W3041379858","https://openalex.org/W3165651971","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6781080783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388180914","https://openalex.org/W2063708026","https://openalex.org/W2507888814","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W3202613528"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"diagnosis":[1,71],"of":[2,25,38,46,53,58,63,82,88,100,117,127,151,159,169,209],"neurodegenerative":[3,109],"disorders,":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,72,74],"Alzheimer's":[7],"Disease":[8],"(AD),":[9],"is":[10,31,36,85,120],"very":[11],"important":[12],"to":[13,18,68,95,103,121,138,214,238],"reduce":[14],"their":[15],"effects":[16],"and":[17,22,55,130,221],"improve":[19,139],"both":[20,128,219],"quality":[21],"life":[23],"expectancy":[24],"patients.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,49,145],"context,":[29],"it":[30],"generally":[32],"agreed":[33],"that":[34,184,229],"handwriting":[35,54,101,153],"one":[37],"the":[39,44,51,56,70,80,86,93,97,115,124,167,175,179,188,207,239],"first":[40],"skills":[41],"altered":[42],"by":[43,108,191],"onset":[45],"AD.":[47],"For":[48],"reason,":[50],"analysis":[52],"study":[57,119],"its":[59],"alterations":[60,99],"has":[61],"become":[62],"great":[64],"interest":[65],"in":[66,174],"order":[67],"formulate":[69],"soon":[73],"possible.":[75],"A":[76],"fundamental":[77],"aspect":[78],"for":[79,141,157],"use":[81,126],"these":[83,113],"techniques":[84],"definition":[87],"effective":[89],"features,":[90],"which":[91],"allows":[92,133,232],"system":[94,137],"distinguish":[96],"natural":[98],"due":[102],"age,":[104],"from":[105,112,148],"those":[106],"caused":[107],"disorders.":[110],"Starting":[111],"considerations,":[114],"aim":[116],"our":[118],"verify":[122,187],"whether":[123],"combined":[125],"shape":[129,202],"dynamic":[131,180,192,230],"features":[132,217],"a":[134,149,233],"decision":[135],"support":[136],"performance":[140,234],"AD":[142],"diagnosis.":[143],"To":[144,186],"purpose,":[146],"starting":[147],"database":[150],"on-line":[152],"samples,":[154],"we":[155,194,205],"generated":[156,196],"each":[158,170],"them":[160],"an":[161],"off-line":[162],"synthetic":[163],"color":[164,168,220],"image,":[165],"where":[166],"elementary":[171],"trait":[172],"encodes,":[173],"three":[176],"RGB":[177],"channels,":[178],"information":[181,231],"associated":[182],"with":[183,236],"trait.":[185],"role":[189],"played":[190],"information,":[193],"also":[195],"simple":[197],"binary":[198,222,240],"images,":[199],"containing":[200],"only":[201],"information.":[203],"Finally,":[204],"exploited":[206],"ability":[208],"Convolutional":[210],"Neural":[211],"Network":[212],"(CNN)":[213],"automatically":[215],"extract":[216],"on":[218],"images.":[223,241],"The":[224],"experimental":[225],"results":[226],"have":[227],"confirmed":[228],"improvement":[235],"respect":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
