{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3182040604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3095478","title":"A Unified Machine Reading Comprehension Framework for Cohort Selection","display_name":"A Unified Machine Reading Comprehension Framework for Cohort Selection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3182040604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3095478","mag":"3182040604","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3095478","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3095478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031742177","display_name":"Ying Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7423-2937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7423-2937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063233389","display_name":"Weihua Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu, International Technology (Shenzhen) Company, Ltd., Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu, International Technology (Shenzhen) Company, Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101895423","display_name":"Qingcai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8473-7293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingcai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8473-7293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056505424","display_name":"Zhengxing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-8642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengxing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-8642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014238603","display_name":"Buzhou Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-8246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buzhou Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-8246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9554,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79771633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"379","last_page":"387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.7228184938430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6780819892883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6303476095199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.5145092010498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5137299299240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4599238336086273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-selection","display_name":"Model selection","score":0.4323156774044037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.26338714361190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1846056580543518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.7228184938430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6780819892883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6303476095199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5145092010498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5137299299240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4599238336086273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.4323156774044037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.26338714361190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1846056580543518}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018579","descriptor_name":"Patient Selection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018579","descriptor_name":"Patient Selection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018579","descriptor_name":"Patient Selection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3095478","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3095478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34236972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1035160325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1813215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2939952709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1813215, 61876052, and 61573118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2946845568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"and 61573118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4902115189","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504212872","https://openalex.org/W2109206523","https://openalex.org/W2114847203","https://openalex.org/W2132724073","https://openalex.org/W2146089916","https://openalex.org/W2149269919","https://openalex.org/W2159583324","https://openalex.org/W2168110744","https://openalex.org/W2504095381","https://openalex.org/W2516196286","https://openalex.org/W2518582440","https://openalex.org/W2551396370","https://openalex.org/W2593833795","https://openalex.org/W2604410201","https://openalex.org/W2606964149","https://openalex.org/W2788411903","https://openalex.org/W2789244308","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2890016343","https://openalex.org/W2902725986","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2922288834","https://openalex.org/W2949922292","https://openalex.org/W2950722229","https://openalex.org/W2951591277","https://openalex.org/W2961415574","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963506049","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963898730","https://openalex.org/W2963963993","https://openalex.org/W2964584394","https://openalex.org/W2970327629","https://openalex.org/W2971258845","https://openalex.org/W2972984751","https://openalex.org/W2974214648","https://openalex.org/W2975249097","https://openalex.org/W2979284462","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W3012592703","https://openalex.org/W3035625205","https://openalex.org/W3081510302","https://openalex.org/W3103111734","https://openalex.org/W3104486441","https://openalex.org/W4295253143","https://openalex.org/W4295803813","https://openalex.org/W6601855197","https://openalex.org/W6605252013","https://openalex.org/W6632455782","https://openalex.org/W6634409857","https://openalex.org/W6638318767","https://openalex.org/W6678890848","https://openalex.org/W6684953378","https://openalex.org/W6697449767","https://openalex.org/W6729654139","https://openalex.org/W6744513255","https://openalex.org/W6751097180","https://openalex.org/W6760500353","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6922523504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205762803","https://openalex.org/W2535856026","https://openalex.org/W2265065644","https://openalex.org/W2134699697","https://openalex.org/W3017188156","https://openalex.org/W2322875716","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2383516975","https://openalex.org/W2374878784","https://openalex.org/W4381571012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cohort":[0],"selection":[1,15,21,25,36,43,76,135,155],"is":[2,191,263],"an":[3,11,256],"essential":[4],"prerequisite":[5],"for":[6,19,71,153,271],"clinical":[7],"research,":[8],"determining":[9],"whether":[10],"individual":[12],"satisfies":[13],"given":[14],"criteria.":[16,44,136,230],"Previous":[17],"works":[18],"cohort":[20,42,75,134,154],"usually":[22],"treated":[23],"each":[24,35,72],"criterion":[26,37,73],"independently":[27],"and":[28,78,104,112,127,156,184],"ignored":[29],"not":[30],"only":[31],"the":[32,39,47,143,146,160,174,181,187,194,210,220,236,247],"meaning":[33],"of":[34,93,125,145,178,203,235,258],"but":[38],"relations":[40,132],"among":[41,133],"To":[45],"solve":[46],"problems":[48],"above,":[49],"we":[50,64,217,250],"propose":[51],"a":[52,119,157,200,252],"novel":[53],"unified":[54],"machine":[55],"reading":[56],"comprehension":[57],"(MRC)":[58],"framework.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"MRC":[62,95,167,222,238,269],"framework,":[63],"design":[65],"simple":[66],"rules":[67,204,233,267],"to":[68,108,130,193,265],"generate":[69],"questions":[70],"from":[74,85,159],"guidelines":[77],"treat":[79],"clues":[80],"extracted":[81],"by":[82,206],"trigger":[83],"words":[84],"patients'":[86],"medical":[87,207],"records":[88],"as":[89],"passages.":[90],"A":[91],"series":[92],"state-of-the-art":[94],"models":[96,270],"based":[97],"on":[98,123,138,180,186,199,209,227,240,246],"BiDAF,":[99],"BIMPM,":[100],"BERT,":[101],"BioBERT,":[102],"NCBI-BERT,":[103],"RoBERTa":[105],"are":[106],"deployed":[107],"determine":[109],"which":[110],"question":[111,126],"passage":[113,128],"pairs":[114,129],"match.":[115],"We":[116],"also":[117],"introduce":[118],"cross-criterion":[120,170],"attention":[121,171],"mechanism":[122,172],"representations":[124],"model":[131,168,223,239],"Results":[137],"two":[139,215],"datasets,":[140],"that":[141,164,197,219,261],"is,":[142],"dataset":[144,158,183],"2018":[147],"National":[148],"NLP":[149],"Clinical":[150],"Challenge":[151],"(N2C2)":[152],"MIMIC-III":[161,188],"dataset,":[162,249],"show":[163],"our":[165],"NCBI-BERT":[166,221,237],"with":[169,255],"achieves":[173],"highest":[175],"micro-averaged":[176],"F1-score":[177,257],"0.9070":[179],"N2C2":[182,211,248],"0.8353":[185],"dataset.":[189,212],"It":[190],"competitive":[192],"best":[195],"system":[196],"relies":[198],"large":[201],"number":[202],"defined":[205],"experts":[208],"Comparing":[213],"these":[214],"models,":[216],"find":[218],"mainly":[224],"performs":[225],"worse":[226],"mathematical":[228,244],"logic":[229,245],"When":[231],"using":[232],"instead":[234],"some":[241],"criteria":[242],"regarding":[243],"obtain":[251],"new":[253],"benchmark":[254],"0.9163,":[259],"indicating":[260],"it":[262],"easy":[264],"integrate":[266],"into":[268],"improvement.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}