{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3123437608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3055213","title":"Segmenting Vitiligo on Clinical Face Images Using CNN Trained on Synthetic and Internet Images","display_name":"Segmenting Vitiligo on Clinical Face Images Using CNN Trained on Synthetic and Internet Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3123437608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3055213","mag":"3123437608","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3055213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3055213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363321","display_name":"Yanling Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2007-9716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanling LI","raw_affiliation_strings":["HealthTech, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HealthTech, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047970310","display_name":"Adams Wai\u2010Kin Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9728-9511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adams Wai-Kin Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075646539","display_name":"Steven Tien Guan Thng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-5319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1287551835","display_name":"National Skin Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/000p7hm12","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287551835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Thng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Skin Center, Singapore, Singapore","School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Skin Center, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1287551835"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100363321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9382,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84667571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"8","first_page":"3082","last_page":"3093"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12955","display_name":"Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases","score":0.954200029373169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10831","display_name":"Cell Adhesion Molecules Research","score":0.9495999813079834,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2723","display_name":"Immunology and Allergy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitiligo","display_name":"Vitiligo","score":0.9256425499916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7507555484771729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7358166575431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7185945510864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6532094478607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.555367648601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5071933269500732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45385676622390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4403294324874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43437907099723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.27800941467285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermatology","display_name":"Dermatology","score":0.17786690592765808}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779980618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180152","display_name":"Vitiligo","level":2,"score":0.9256425499916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7507555484771729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7358166575431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7185945510864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6532094478607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.555367648601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5071933269500732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45385676622390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4403294324874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43437907099723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27800941467285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.17786690592765808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014820","descriptor_name":"Vitiligo","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014820","descriptor_name":"Vitiligo","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014820","descriptor_name":"Vitiligo","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3055213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2021.3055213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33513120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W652859632","https://openalex.org/W1497841578","https://openalex.org/W1745334888","https://openalex.org/W1817277359","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1938929646","https://openalex.org/W1948751323","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1964981411","https://openalex.org/W1987951601","https://openalex.org/W2009930593","https://openalex.org/W2030720559","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2058191200","https://openalex.org/W2065740805","https://openalex.org/W2072712987","https://openalex.org/W2085491337","https://openalex.org/W2091423237","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2106395586","https://openalex.org/W2106505277","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2119472020","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2129112648","https://openalex.org/W2137186219","https://openalex.org/W2141015396","https://openalex.org/W2169551590","https://openalex.org/W2170633497","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2400840383","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2561196672","https://openalex.org/W2608058963","https://openalex.org/W2742893201","https://openalex.org/W2745006834","https://openalex.org/W2768366820","https://openalex.org/W2789402772","https://openalex.org/W2795063884","https://openalex.org/W2796550904","https://openalex.org/W2798261681","https://openalex.org/W2943152387","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963835354","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2969223265","https://openalex.org/W2982537398","https://openalex.org/W3004776050","https://openalex.org/W3027613385","https://openalex.org/W3036009641","https://openalex.org/W4247548711","https://openalex.org/W4294200680","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6638480814","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6640464587","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6712776993","https://openalex.org/W6748481559","https://openalex.org/W6750409446","https://openalex.org/W6750558953","https://openalex.org/W6761825139","https://openalex.org/W6767156829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193583429","https://openalex.org/W2122536851","https://openalex.org/W1970734801","https://openalex.org/W2361302679","https://openalex.org/W4249208820","https://openalex.org/W3012531490","https://openalex.org/W2376842615","https://openalex.org/W2083264940","https://openalex.org/W3210188798","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"diagnosing":[1],"and":[2,14,33,104,169,218,227],"describing":[3],"the":[4,45,102,105,125,133,153,182,197,205,213,229],"severity":[5,18],"of":[6,26,56],"vitiligo":[7,43,85,107,116,148,190,215,232,240],"is":[8,29,78,165,179,221],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,212,238],"prognostication,":[11],"treatment":[12],"selection":[13],"comparison.":[15],"Currently,":[16],"disease":[17],"scores":[19],"require":[20],"dermatologists":[21,226],"to":[22,31,74,80,89,139,152,157,174,187],"estimate":[23],"percentage":[24],"area":[25,216],"involvement,":[27],"which":[28,47,178,235],"subjected":[30],"inter":[32],"intra-assessor":[34],"variability.":[35],"Previous":[36],"studies":[37],"focus":[38],"on":[39,44,53,68,241],"pure":[40,242],"skin":[41],"but":[42],"face,":[46],"has":[48],"a":[49,82,91,140,176],"more":[50,147,222],"serious":[51],"impact":[52],"patients'":[54],"quality":[55],"life,":[57],"was":[58],"completely":[59],"neglected.":[60],"Convolutional":[61],"neural":[62],"networks":[63],"(CNNs)":[64],"have":[65,81,146],"good":[66],"performance":[67],"many":[69],"segmentation":[70,159,202,233,239],"tasks.":[71],"However,":[72],"due":[73],"data":[75],"privacy,":[76],"it":[77,220],"hard":[79],"large":[83],"clinical":[84,135,155],"face":[86,108,149,189,214],"image":[87,162],"dataset":[88],"train":[90,175],"CNN.":[92],"To":[93,145],"address":[94],"this":[95],"challenge,":[96],"images":[97,117,128,136,150,156,171,199],"from":[98,119,124,132,181],"two":[99,225],"different":[100,120,131],"sources,":[101],"Internet":[103,170],"proposed":[106,206],"synthesis":[109,163],"algorithm,":[110],"are":[111,129,172],"employed":[112],"in":[113],"training.":[114],"843":[115],"taken":[118],"viewpoints":[121],"were":[122,236],"collected":[123,137],"Internet.":[126],"These":[127],"hugely":[130],"target":[134,154],"according":[138],"newly":[141],"established":[142],"international":[143],"standard.":[144],"similar":[151],"enhance":[158],"performance,":[160],"an":[161],"algorithm":[164,207],"proposed.":[166],"Both":[167],"synthetic":[168,198],"used":[173],"CNN":[177],"modified":[180],"fully":[183],"convolutional":[184],"network":[185],"(FCN)":[186],"segment":[188],"lesions.":[191],"The":[192],"results":[193],"show":[194],"that":[195],"1)":[196],"effectively":[200],"improve":[201],"performance;":[203],"2)":[204],"achieves":[208],"1.06":[209],"%":[210],"error":[211],"estimation":[217],"3)":[219],"accurate":[223],"than":[224],"all":[228],"previous":[230],"automated":[231],"methods,":[234],"designed":[237],"skin.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
