{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117222150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3045743","title":"Unobtrusive Pain Monitoring in Older Adults With Dementia Using Pairwise and Contrastive Training","display_name":"Unobtrusive Pain Monitoring in Older Adults With Dementia Using Pairwise and Contrastive Training","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117222150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3045743","mag":"3117222150","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33338024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3045743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3045743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0dfe174e-204c-4e9b-a492-89a11eb89962/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059752458","display_name":"Siavash Rezaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-2485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siavash Rezaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-2485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015875550","display_name":"Abhishek Moturu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0332-6324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Moturu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0332-6324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065807963","display_name":"Shun Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056943328","display_name":"Kenneth M. Prkachin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151934421","display_name":"University of Northern British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/025wzwv46","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth M. Prkachin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151934421"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001581796","display_name":"Thomas Hadjistavropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-0450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Hadjistavropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre on Aging and Health, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada","Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-0450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre on Aging and Health, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011257199","display_name":"Babak Taati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-4293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Babak Taati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-4293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7905,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94270175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"5","first_page":"1450","last_page":"1462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11292","display_name":"Pediatric Pain Management Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12035","display_name":"Pain Management and Placebo Effect","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia","display_name":"Dementia","score":0.7948698997497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-assessment","display_name":"Pain assessment","score":0.615043580532074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5041226148605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5032081007957458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.4834245443344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4744602143764496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.4561319947242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.45120254158973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.44310805201530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4235681891441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.39490628242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33941441774368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.3014759123325348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.15614798665046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-management","display_name":"Pain management","score":0.14752700924873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.09839832782745361}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.7948698997497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778282284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7124832","display_name":"Pain assessment","level":3,"score":0.615043580532074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5041226148605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5032081007957458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4834245443344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4744602143764496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4561319947242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.45120254158973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.44310805201530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4235681891441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.39490628242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33941441774368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3014759123325348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.15614798665046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983098980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621261","display_name":"Pain management","level":2,"score":0.14752700924873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09839832782745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003704","descriptor_name":"Dementia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003704","descriptor_name":"Dementia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003704","descriptor_name":"Dementia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010147","descriptor_name":"Pain Measurement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3045743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3045743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33338024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33338024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/104048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/104048","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0dfe174e-204c-4e9b-a492-89a11eb89962/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055458","display_name":"TSpace","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article Post-Print"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/104048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/104048","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0dfe174e-204c-4e9b-a492-89a11eb89962/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055458","display_name":"TSpace","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article Post-Print"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312535","display_name":"AGE-WELL","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321074","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117222150.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117222150.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567487886","https://openalex.org/W1628791547","https://openalex.org/W1964422354","https://openalex.org/W1978963692","https://openalex.org/W1985941926","https://openalex.org/W2001412060","https://openalex.org/W2007557316","https://openalex.org/W2008304551","https://openalex.org/W2066642295","https://openalex.org/W2068258779","https://openalex.org/W2079182758","https://openalex.org/W2090495691","https://openalex.org/W2092264431","https://openalex.org/W2098615198","https://openalex.org/W2101545465","https://openalex.org/W2105213416","https://openalex.org/W2106043670","https://openalex.org/W2109356961","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2132723029","https://openalex.org/W2141403362","https://openalex.org/W2141988160","https://openalex.org/W2156163116","https://openalex.org/W2167433878","https://openalex.org/W2277958045","https://openalex.org/W2294311127","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2331285998","https://openalex.org/W2582467221","https://openalex.org/W2587128043","https://openalex.org/W2588843192","https://openalex.org/W2612215259","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2742928281","https://openalex.org/W2776542863","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2791591209","https://openalex.org/W2898044053","https://openalex.org/W2900758940","https://openalex.org/W2905511418","https://openalex.org/W2915988983","https://openalex.org/W2934455382","https://openalex.org/W2949662773","https://openalex.org/W2954739124","https://openalex.org/W2962613364","https://openalex.org/W2963079348","https://openalex.org/W2963307811","https://openalex.org/W2963630024","https://openalex.org/W2969724304","https://openalex.org/W2971746767","https://openalex.org/W2979431738","https://openalex.org/W2981117535","https://openalex.org/W2982242374","https://openalex.org/W2995085126","https://openalex.org/W2996182361","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3006435130","https://openalex.org/W3009411411","https://openalex.org/W3041972202","https://openalex.org/W3081128856","https://openalex.org/W3100345210","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3104792420","https://openalex.org/W3106440819","https://openalex.org/W4239078262","https://openalex.org/W4287812705","https://openalex.org/W6675286651","https://openalex.org/W6684809622","https://openalex.org/W6743555153","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6756780903","https://openalex.org/W6767577062","https://openalex.org/W6774314701","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6780660922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2487162673","https://openalex.org/W2793211469","https://openalex.org/W2949152769","https://openalex.org/W4372354731","https://openalex.org/W2807634898","https://openalex.org/W1692008701","https://openalex.org/W2942366970","https://openalex.org/W2597588799","https://openalex.org/W2002728494","https://openalex.org/W2164007560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"pain":[1,32,50,67,93,102,219],"is":[2,15,119,165,190],"frequent":[3,80],"in":[4,51,122,194],"old":[5],"age,":[6],"older":[7,110,169],"adults":[8,111],"are":[9,94,104,144],"often":[10],"undertreated":[11],"for":[12,19,79,101,155],"pain.":[13,128],"This":[14],"especially":[16,228],"the":[17,43,131],"case":[18],"long-term":[20,52],"care":[21,53,84],"residents":[22],"with":[23,114,172,235],"moderate":[24],"to":[25,56,64,186,192],"severe":[26],"dementia":[27,140],"who":[28],"cannot":[29],"report":[30],"their":[31],"because":[33],"of":[34,45,58,92,109,127,233],"cognitive":[35],"impairments":[36],"that":[37,164,184,214],"accompany":[38],"dementia.":[39,175,236],"Nursing":[40],"staff":[41,85],"acknowledge":[42],"challenges":[44],"effectively":[46],"recognizing":[47],"and":[48,116,173,189,239],"managing":[49],"facilities":[54],"due":[55],"lack":[57],"human":[59],"resources":[60],"and,":[61],"sometimes,":[62],"expertise":[63],"use":[65],"validated":[66,106,137],"assessment":[68],"approaches":[69],"on":[70,107,138,160,231],"a":[71,139,149,161,179,209,225],"regular":[72],"basis.":[73],"Vision-based":[74],"ambient":[75],"monitoring":[76],"will":[77],"allow":[78],"automated":[81,134],"assessments":[82],"so":[83],"could":[86],"be":[87],"automatically":[88],"notified":[89],"when":[90,229],"signs":[91],"displayed.":[95],"However,":[96],"existing":[97,123],"computer":[98,152],"vision":[99,153],"techniques":[100],"detection":[103],"not":[105,120],"faces":[108,232],"or":[112],"people":[113,234],"dementia,":[115],"this":[117],"population":[118],"represented":[121],"facial":[124,158,195],"expression":[125,196],"datasets":[126],"We":[129],"present":[130],"first":[132],"fully":[133],"vision-based":[135],"technique":[136],"cohort.":[141],"Our":[142,218],"contributions":[143],"threefold.":[145],"First,":[146],"we":[147,177,207],"develop":[148],"deep":[150],"learning-based":[151],"system":[154],"detecting":[156],"painful":[157],"expressions":[159],"video":[162],"dataset":[163],"collected":[166],"unobtrusively":[167],"from":[168],"adult":[170],"participants":[171],"without":[174],"Second,":[176],"introduce":[178,208],"pairwise":[180],"comparative":[181],"inference":[182],"method":[183,213],"calibrates":[185],"each":[187],"person":[188],"sensitive":[191],"changes":[193],"while":[197],"using":[198],"training":[199,212],"data":[200],"more":[201],"efficiently":[202],"than":[203],"sequence":[204],"models.":[205],"Third,":[206],"fast":[210],"contrastive":[211],"improves":[215],"cross-dataset":[216],"performance.":[217],"estimation":[220],"model":[221,238],"outperforms":[222],"baselines":[223],"by":[224],"wide":[226],"margin,":[227],"evaluated":[230],"Pre-trained":[237],"demo":[240],"code":[241],"available":[242],"at":[243],"https://github.com/TaatiTeam/pain_detection_demo.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}