{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106404785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3038194","title":"Gaining Insights Into Patient Satisfaction Through Interpretable Machine Learning","display_name":"Gaining Insights Into Patient Satisfaction Through Interpretable Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106404785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3038194","mag":"3106404785","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33196445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3038194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3038194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432381","display_name":"Ning Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8670-9878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ning Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042211113","display_name":"Soundar Kumara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7941-8818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soundar Kumara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036077930","display_name":"Eric Reich","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54713919","display_name":"Geisinger Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/02qdbgx97","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54713919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Reich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Steele Institute for Health Innovation, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Steele Institute for Health Innovation, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54713919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100432381"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6732,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91968463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"2215","last_page":"2226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11722","display_name":"Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11722","display_name":"Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12664","display_name":"Clinical practice guidelines implementation","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9451000094413757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.837929368019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6702051162719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6121201515197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.593510091304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-satisfaction","display_name":"Patient satisfaction","score":0.4942636489868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4703942537307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reimbursement","display_name":"Reimbursement","score":0.4558197259902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44550788402557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.41914936900138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3583390712738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3250132203102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1843283474445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.16770115494728088}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.837929368019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6702051162719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6121201515197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.593510091304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775944032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22907659","display_name":"Patient satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.4942636489868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4703942537307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779703844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760125","display_name":"Reimbursement","level":3,"score":0.4558197259902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44550788402557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.41914936900138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3583390712738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3250132203102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1843283474445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.16770115494728088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017060","descriptor_name":"Patient Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017060","descriptor_name":"Patient Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017060","descriptor_name":"Patient Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3038194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3038194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33196445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33196445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58482110","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1488827286","https://openalex.org/W1501680605","https://openalex.org/W1556803204","https://openalex.org/W1585743408","https://openalex.org/W1746506709","https://openalex.org/W1803877675","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1986273094","https://openalex.org/W2090253528","https://openalex.org/W2097360283","https://openalex.org/W2105522759","https://openalex.org/W2116814040","https://openalex.org/W2118022153","https://openalex.org/W2126980369","https://openalex.org/W2134829400","https://openalex.org/W2150165932","https://openalex.org/W2164878629","https://openalex.org/W2173440868","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2297776323","https://openalex.org/W2335619979","https://openalex.org/W2394669110","https://openalex.org/W2402238362","https://openalex.org/W2467263134","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2762409054","https://openalex.org/W2783773547","https://openalex.org/W2894881080","https://openalex.org/W2962790223","https://openalex.org/W2963083845","https://openalex.org/W3023203084","https://openalex.org/W3102834905","https://openalex.org/W3121410165","https://openalex.org/W3124792046","https://openalex.org/W3138819813","https://openalex.org/W4240955631","https://openalex.org/W4294541781","https://openalex.org/W4299408792","https://openalex.org/W4385403451","https://openalex.org/W4402843978","https://openalex.org/W6602381479","https://openalex.org/W6630026615","https://openalex.org/W6633379173","https://openalex.org/W6635046684","https://openalex.org/W6681608319","https://openalex.org/W6681752243","https://openalex.org/W6718991148","https://openalex.org/W6744393810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W1986582023","https://openalex.org/W2966829450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patient":[0],"satisfaction":[1,68,100],"is":[2,22,57],"a":[3,58,103,109],"key":[4],"performance":[5,147],"indicator":[6],"of":[7,54],"patient-centered":[8],"care":[9],"and":[10,70,107,128,134],"hospital":[11],"reimbursement.":[12],"To":[13],"discover":[14],"the":[15,55,71,82,98,115,138,155],"major":[16],"factors":[17],"that":[18],"affect":[19],"patient":[20,33,73,99],"experiences":[21],"considered":[23],"as":[24,102],"an":[25,78,91],"effective":[26],"way":[27,156],"to":[28,96,113],"formulate":[29,97],"corrective":[30],"actions.":[31],"A":[32],"during":[34],"his/her":[35],"healthcare":[36],"journey":[37,56],"interacts":[38],"with":[39],"multiple":[40],"health":[41,75],"professionals":[42],"across":[43],"different":[44],"service":[45],"units.":[46],"The":[47,119],"health-related":[48],"data":[49,124],"generated":[50],"at":[51],"each":[52],"step":[53],"valuable":[59],"resource":[60],"for":[61,157],"extracting":[62],"actionable":[63],"insights.":[64],"In":[65,86],"particular,":[66],"self-reported":[67],"survey":[69],"associated":[72],"electronic":[74],"records":[76],"play":[77],"important":[79],"role":[80],"in":[81],"hospital-patient":[83],"interaction":[84],"analysis.":[85],"this":[87],"paper,":[88],"we":[89],"propose":[90],"interpretable":[92],"machine":[93],"learning":[94,105,136],"framework":[95,121],"problem":[101],"supervised":[104],"task":[106],"utilize":[108],"mixed-integer":[110],"programming":[111],"model":[112,146,151],"identify":[114],"most":[116],"influential":[117],"factors.":[118],"proposed":[120],"transforms":[122],"heterogeneous":[123],"into":[125,137],"human-understandable":[126],"features":[127],"integrates":[129],"feature":[130],"transformation,":[131],"variable":[132],"selection,":[133],"coefficient":[135],"optimization":[139],"process.":[140],"Therefore,":[141],"it":[142],"can":[143],"achieve":[144],"desirable":[145],"while":[148],"maintaining":[149],"excellent":[150],"interpretability,":[152],"which":[153],"paves":[154],"successful":[158],"real-world":[159],"applications.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}