{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3099598230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3037031","title":"Infant Facial Expression Analysis: Towards a Real-Time Video Monitoring System Using R-CNN and HMM","display_name":"Infant Facial Expression Analysis: Towards a Real-Time Video Monitoring System Using R-CNN and HMM","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3099598230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3037031","mag":"3099598230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33170787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3037031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3037031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102865558","display_name":"Cheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2900-637X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2900-637X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085030425","display_name":"Arash Pourtaherian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-1354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Pourtaherian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-1354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022401781","display_name":"Lonneke van Onzenoort","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126394","display_name":"M\u00e1xima Medisch Centrum","ror":"https://ror.org/02x6rcb77","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126394"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. van Onzenoort","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126394","https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108730186","display_name":"W. E. Tjon a Ten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126394","display_name":"M\u00e1xima Medisch Centrum","ror":"https://ror.org/02x6rcb77","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126394"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. E. Tjon a Ten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126394","https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029008213","display_name":"Peter H. N. de With","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7639-7716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. H. N. de With","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7639-7716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1275,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98054367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"5","first_page":"1429","last_page":"1440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13289","display_name":"Infant Health and Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13289","display_name":"Infant Health and Development","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11456","display_name":"Neuroscience of respiration and sleep","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.7158945798873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6655833721160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6498456001281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.5899648666381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5865032076835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pacifier","display_name":"Pacifier","score":0.5190699696540833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49841833114624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.46773773431777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.45827269554138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41911131143569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.364767849445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2209365963935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.07835757732391357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7158945798873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6655833721160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6498456001281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5899648666381836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5865032076835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202712171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152596","display_name":"Pacifier","level":3,"score":0.5190699696540833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49841833114624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.46773773431777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.45827269554138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41911131143569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.364767849445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2209365963935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.07835757732391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174876","display_name":"Breastfeeding","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005764","descriptor_name":"Gastroesophageal Reflux","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005764","descriptor_name":"Gastroesophageal Reflux","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005764","descriptor_name":"Gastroesophageal Reflux","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3037031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3037031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33170787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33170787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1863983288","https://openalex.org/W1969790249","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2086484505","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2115252128","https://openalex.org/W2119648219","https://openalex.org/W2128776923","https://openalex.org/W2149174813","https://openalex.org/W2151827919","https://openalex.org/W2151976365","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2160000220","https://openalex.org/W2293237290","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2335087342","https://openalex.org/W2461750693","https://openalex.org/W2604878161","https://openalex.org/W2609133580","https://openalex.org/W2681067697","https://openalex.org/W2769991365","https://openalex.org/W2787601078","https://openalex.org/W2806039717","https://openalex.org/W2867606265","https://openalex.org/W2886914021","https://openalex.org/W2889659882","https://openalex.org/W2890117792","https://openalex.org/W2946383377","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W3013420390","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639206963","https://openalex.org/W6677618333","https://openalex.org/W6753426838"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385477612","https://openalex.org/W2000329534","https://openalex.org/W2067414743","https://openalex.org/W4210511500","https://openalex.org/W2051658834","https://openalex.org/W2460333087","https://openalex.org/W2003883627","https://openalex.org/W2073471314","https://openalex.org/W1980987522","https://openalex.org/W2642127892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,41,89,105,134],"manual":[1],"monitoring":[2,28],"of":[3,33,43,46,86,92,142],"young":[4],"infants":[5,14],"suffering":[6],"from":[7,61,124],"diseases":[8],"like":[9],"reflux":[10,81],"is":[11,108],"significant,":[12],"since":[13],"can":[15,68],"hardly":[16],"articulate":[17],"their":[18],"feelings.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"work,":[22],"we":[23],"propose":[24],"a":[25,75,80,118,130,138],"video-based":[26],"infant":[27,34,95,148],"system":[29,90,107],"for":[30,83,146,164],"the":[31,62,65,84,125,161],"analysis":[32],"expressions":[35,42,96,149],"and":[36,50,57,72,97,102,128,144,150,157],"states,":[37],"approaching":[38],"real-time":[39],"performance.":[40],"interest":[44],"consist":[45],"discomfort,":[47],"unhappy,":[48],"joy":[49],"neutral,":[51],"whereas":[52],"states":[53,98,152],"include":[54],"sleep,":[55],"pacifier":[56],"open":[58],"mouth.":[59],"Benefiting":[60],"expression":[63,112],"analysis,":[64],"discomfort":[66,165],"moments":[67],"also":[69],"be":[70],"used":[71],"correlated":[73],"with":[74,117,154],"symptom-related":[76],"disease,":[77],"such":[78],"as":[79],"measurement":[82],"diagnosis":[85],"gastroesophageal":[87],"reflux.":[88],"consists":[91],"three":[93],"components:":[94],"detection,":[99],"object":[100],"tracking":[101],"detection":[103,113,120,166],"compensation.":[104],"proposed":[106],"based":[109],"on":[110],"combining":[111],"using":[114,121],"Fast":[115],"R-CNN":[116],"compensated":[119],"analyzing":[122],"information":[123],"previous":[126],"frame":[127],"utilizing":[129],"Hidden":[131],"Markov":[132],"Model.":[133],"experimental":[135],"results":[136],"show":[137],"mean":[139],"average":[140,162],"precision":[141,163],"81.9%":[143],"84.8%":[145],"4":[147],"3":[151],"evaluated":[153],"both":[155],"clinical":[156],"daily":[158],"datasets.":[159],"Meanwhile,":[160],"achieves":[167],"up":[168],"to":[169],"90%.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
