{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3001522550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3021143","title":"A Deep Learning Approach to Diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis from Smartphone Data","display_name":"A Deep Learning Approach to Diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis from Smartphone Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3001522550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3021143","mag":"3001522550","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32877343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3021143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3021143","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9395648/09184949.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9395648/09184949.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Patrick Schwab","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Schwab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Walter Karlen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter Karlen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6095,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90150038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"1284","last_page":"1291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9617999792098999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9617999792098999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartphone-application","display_name":"Smartphone application","score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4424999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.38260000944137573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.607200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5834000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5091000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020250448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620615","display_name":"Smartphone application","level":2,"score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4424999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175079658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312165","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34585555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368723","display_name":"Learning curve","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778864079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173285","display_name":"Digital data","level":3,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005221","descriptor_name":"Fatigue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005221","descriptor_name":"Fatigue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005221","descriptor_name":"Fatigue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009103","descriptor_name":"Multiple Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009103","descriptor_name":"Multiple Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009103","descriptor_name":"Multiple Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3021143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3021143","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9395648/09184949.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32877343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32877343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2001.09748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09748","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.09748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3021143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3021143","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9395648/09184949.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5973244733","display_name":"Soll das Sch\u00f6pferprinzip des schweizerischen Urheberrechts zugunsten eines Produzenten-Urheberrechts im Sinne des US-amerikanischen Copyrights aufgegeben werden?","funder_award_id":"67302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6435059995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"167302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331705","display_name":"Max Planck ETH Center for Learning Systems","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332193","display_name":"Genentech","ror":"https://ror.org/04gndp242"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3001522550.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3001522550.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505191356","https://openalex.org/W1964264880","https://openalex.org/W1973825638","https://openalex.org/W1997114339","https://openalex.org/W2030498706","https://openalex.org/W2094410714","https://openalex.org/W2095134828","https://openalex.org/W2101764630","https://openalex.org/W2105490558","https://openalex.org/W2112165124","https://openalex.org/W2122545833","https://openalex.org/W2130734445","https://openalex.org/W2133671386","https://openalex.org/W2138325312","https://openalex.org/W2154029067","https://openalex.org/W2156691412","https://openalex.org/W2169767637","https://openalex.org/W2280334572","https://openalex.org/W2336711616","https://openalex.org/W2441939542","https://openalex.org/W2527824850","https://openalex.org/W2553410079","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2604972438","https://openalex.org/W2620639087","https://openalex.org/W2765429604","https://openalex.org/W2791600159","https://openalex.org/W2801400962","https://openalex.org/W2804512968","https://openalex.org/W2888771238","https://openalex.org/W2890153740","https://openalex.org/W2892741787","https://openalex.org/W2898980145","https://openalex.org/W2947825974","https://openalex.org/W2954756813","https://openalex.org/W2963055278","https://openalex.org/W6624578043","https://openalex.org/W6630875275","https://openalex.org/W6679609430","https://openalex.org/W6680930200","https://openalex.org/W6685812147","https://openalex.org/W6715055779","https://openalex.org/W6718367848","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6748353968","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6766253204","https://openalex.org/W6766637073","https://openalex.org/W6767182250","https://openalex.org/W6767608665"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"sclerosis":[1],"(MS)":[2],"affects":[3],"the":[4,71,150,174],"central":[5],"nervous":[6],"system":[7],"with":[8,53,108,142,146],"a":[9,28,40,89,101,105,125],"wide":[10],"range":[11],"of":[12,36,42,73,84,104,115,127,155],"symptoms.":[13,55],"MS":[14,37,74,94,145],"can,":[15],"for":[16,182],"example,":[17],"cause":[18],"pain,":[19],"changes":[20],"in":[21,62,68,117,173],"mood":[22],"and":[23,25,32,46,79,143],"fatigue,":[24],"may":[26],"impair":[27],"person's":[29],"movement,":[30],"speech":[31],"visual":[33],"functions.":[34],"Diagnosis":[35],"typically":[38],"involves":[39],"combination":[41,103],"complex":[43],"clinical":[44],"assessments":[45],"tests":[47],"to":[48,92,112,138],"rule":[49],"out":[50],"other":[51],"diseases":[52],"similar":[54],"New":[56],"technologies,":[57],"such":[58],"as":[59,178],"smartphone":[60,119,170],"monitoring":[61,120],"free-living":[63],"conditions,":[64],"could":[65,172],"potentially":[66],"aid":[67],"objectively":[69],"assessing":[70],"symptoms":[72],"by":[75],"quantifying":[76],"symptom":[77],"presence":[78],"intensity":[80],"over":[81],"long":[82],"periods":[83],"time.":[85],"Here,":[86],"we":[87,130],"present":[88],"deep-learning":[90,134],"approach":[91],"diagnosing":[93],"from":[95,124,169],"smartphone-derived":[96],"digital":[97,166],"biomarkers":[98,167],"that":[99,132,165],"uses":[100],"novel":[102],"multilayer":[106],"perceptron":[107],"neural":[109],"soft":[110],"attention":[111],"improve":[113],"learning":[114],"patterns":[116],"long-term":[118],"data.":[121],"Using":[122],"data":[123,171],"cohort":[126],"774":[128],"participants,":[129],"demonstrate":[131],"our":[133],"models":[135],"are":[136],"able":[137],"distinguish":[139],"between":[140],"people":[141],"without":[144],"an":[147],"area":[148],"under":[149],"receiver":[151],"operating":[152],"characteristic":[153],"curve":[154],"0.88":[156],"(95%":[157],"CI:":[158],"0.70,":[159],"0.88).":[160],"Our":[161],"experimental":[162],"results":[163],"indicate":[164],"derived":[168],"future":[175],"be":[176],"used":[177],"additional":[179],"diagnostic":[180],"criteria":[181],"MS.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00"}