{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3046023260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383","title":"Introducing the GEV Activation Function for Highly Unbalanced Data to Develop COVID-19 Diagnostic Models","display_name":"Introducing the GEV Activation Function for Highly Unbalanced Data to Develop COVID-19 Diagnostic Models","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3046023260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383","mag":"3046023260","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32750973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9216186/09151288.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9216186/09151288.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012655807","display_name":"Joshua Bridge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-4134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Bridge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-4134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060523641","display_name":"Yanda Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7344-2174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanda Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7344-2174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057905491","display_name":"Yitian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-4592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165339","display_name":"Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05nqg3g04","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165339"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yitian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4357-4592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165339"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101506744","display_name":"Yong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8119-3195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325846038","display_name":"Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0008wzh48","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034649465","display_name":"Mingfeng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5995-7558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5740404","display_name":"Tianjin Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02mh8wx89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5740404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingfeng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, the First Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, the First Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5740404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037073008","display_name":"Renrong Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205016115","display_name":"Hubei University of Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02my3bx32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205016115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101306","display_name":"Integrated Chinese Medicine (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ahf6552","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renrong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205016115","https://openalex.org/I4210101306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081186911","display_name":"Yalin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7873-0922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6082,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94798293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"2776","last_page":"2786"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmoid-function","display_name":"Sigmoid function","score":0.9254202246665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7453447580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6953675150871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-function","display_name":"Activation function","score":0.5387037992477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5325815677642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5099185705184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49642401933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.4458746910095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4282231330871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4229254126548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.41840147972106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.41503939032554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37479451298713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34017452597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.317587673664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1844915747642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.15139636397361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.14645150303840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14628902077674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.10731935501098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.07691332697868347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.9254202246665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7453447580337524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6953675150871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.5387037992477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5325815677642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5099185705184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49642401933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.4458746910095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4282231330871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4229254126548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.41840147972106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41503939032554626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37479451298713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34017452597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.317587673664093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1844915747642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.15139636397361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.14645150303840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14628902077674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10731935501098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.07691332697868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000073640","descriptor_name":"Betacoronavirus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000073640","descriptor_name":"Betacoronavirus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000073640","descriptor_name":"Betacoronavirus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000073640","descriptor_name":"Betacoronavirus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086742","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Testing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086742","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Testing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086742","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Testing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086742","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Testing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011024","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018352","descriptor_name":"Coronavirus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9216186/09151288.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32750973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32750973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.nimte.ac.cn/:174433/19504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.nimte.ac.cn/handle/174433/19504","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.nimte.ac.cn/:174433/20446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.nimte.ac.cn/handle/174433/20446","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8545159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8545159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221020/9216186/09151288.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2138937125","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R511729/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4311341607","display_name":"DTP 2018-19 University of Liverpool","funder_award_id":"EP/R513271/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G824233954","display_name":"Development of AI Techniques to Predict Disease","funder_award_id":"2110275","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3046023260.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3046023260.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1904878066","https://openalex.org/W1923697677","https://openalex.org/W1994682257","https://openalex.org/W1995200249","https://openalex.org/W1998450171","https://openalex.org/W2006617902","https://openalex.org/W2052817494","https://openalex.org/W2085204840","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2296043783","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2328176404","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2469885745","https://openalex.org/W2533800772","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2748571654","https://openalex.org/W2769502140","https://openalex.org/W2788633781","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2907554860","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963691377","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2969542610","https://openalex.org/W3005879071","https://openalex.org/W3006082171","https://openalex.org/W3007170347","https://openalex.org/W3007497549","https://openalex.org/W3007678840","https://openalex.org/W3008985036","https://openalex.org/W3009156795","https://openalex.org/W3010313912","https://openalex.org/W3011041531","https://openalex.org/W3011149445","https://openalex.org/W3011414569","https://openalex.org/W3011810856","https://openalex.org/W3012602559","https://openalex.org/W3012857944","https://openalex.org/W3012867892","https://openalex.org/W3013042142","https://openalex.org/W3013105640","https://openalex.org/W3013130152","https://openalex.org/W3013515352","https://openalex.org/W3013564598","https://openalex.org/W3014337038","https://openalex.org/W3014524604","https://openalex.org/W3014725478","https://openalex.org/W3037538421","https://openalex.org/W3096956107","https://openalex.org/W3100094457","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3102469298","https://openalex.org/W3104810384","https://openalex.org/W3105081694","https://openalex.org/W3114166611","https://openalex.org/W3129576291","https://openalex.org/W3133191822","https://openalex.org/W3135243128","https://openalex.org/W3162351260","https://openalex.org/W4205598956","https://openalex.org/W4399532347","https://openalex.org/W6639867372","https://openalex.org/W6640295612","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6773675225","https://openalex.org/W6774475223","https://openalex.org/W6774662769","https://openalex.org/W6774774494","https://openalex.org/W6774807847","https://openalex.org/W6774872334","https://openalex.org/W6774951960","https://openalex.org/W6775116754","https://openalex.org/W6775272535","https://openalex.org/W6775376942","https://openalex.org/W6775691167","https://openalex.org/W6775812333","https://openalex.org/W6775859349","https://openalex.org/W6775884374","https://openalex.org/W6790968986","https://openalex.org/W6795304270","https://openalex.org/W6966950452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3024979424","https://openalex.org/W4283785902","https://openalex.org/W2895192346","https://openalex.org/W3032499992","https://openalex.org/W2041004593","https://openalex.org/W3134817226","https://openalex.org/W3110577345","https://openalex.org/W3136579697","https://openalex.org/W2811324119","https://openalex.org/W1504105233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fast":[0],"and":[1,9,59,120,132,167,172,213],"accurate":[2],"diagnosis":[3,40],"is":[4,17,50,159,201],"essential":[5],"for":[6,195],"the":[7,13,20,24,27,83,97,107,111,144,154,190,209],"efficient":[8],"effective":[10],"control":[11],"of":[12,26,127,165,175],"COVID-19":[14,28,134,170,212],"pandemic":[15],"that":[16],"currently":[18],"disrupting":[19],"whole":[21],"world.":[22],"Despite":[23],"prevalence":[25],"outbreak,":[29],"relatively":[30,217],"few":[31,62,218],"diagnostic":[32],"images":[33],"are":[34],"openly":[35],"available":[36,118],"to":[37,71,153,203],"develop":[38],"automatic":[39],"algorithms.":[41],"Traditional":[42],"deep":[43],"learning":[44],"methods":[45,67],"often":[46],"struggle":[47],"when":[48,102],"data":[49],"highly":[51],"unbalanced":[52],"with":[53,216],"many":[54],"cases":[55,63,220],"in":[56,64,208],"one":[57,103],"class":[58,104],"only":[60],"a":[61,77,116,124,163,173,205],"another;":[65],"new":[66,199],"must":[68],"be":[69],"developed":[70],"overcome":[72],"this":[73],"challenge.":[74],"We":[75,109],"propose":[76],"novel":[78],"activation":[79,100,113,185,194],"function":[80,101,114,186],"based":[81],"on":[82,115,123,162],"generalized":[84],"extreme":[85,90],"value":[86,91],"(GEV)":[87],"distribution":[88],"from":[89],"theory,":[92],"which":[93],"improves":[94,188],"performance":[95],"over":[96],"traditional":[98],"sigmoid":[99,155,193],"significantly":[105,187],"outweighs":[106],"other.":[108],"demonstrate":[110],"proposed":[112,137,183],"publicly":[117],"dataset":[119,125,164],"externally":[121],"validate":[122],"consisting":[126],"1,909":[128],"healthy":[129,166],"chest":[130],"X-rays":[131,171],"84":[133],"X-rays.":[135],"The":[136,182],"method":[138,158],"achieves":[139],"an":[140],"improved":[141,180],"area":[142],"under":[143],"receiver":[145],"operating":[146],"characteristic":[147],"(DeLong's":[148],"p-value":[149],"<":[150],"0.05)":[151],"compared":[152],"activation.":[156],"Our":[157],"also":[160],"demonstrated":[161],"pneumonia":[168],"vs.":[169],"set":[174],"computerized":[176],"tomography":[177],"images,":[178],"achieving":[179],"sensitivity.":[181],"GEV":[184],"upon":[189],"previously":[191],"used":[192],"binary":[196],"classification.":[197],"This":[198],"paradigm":[200],"expected":[202],"play":[204],"significant":[206],"role":[207],"fight":[210],"against":[211],"other":[214],"diseases,":[215],"training":[219],"available.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
