{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008257486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2974425","title":"Inaccurate Labels in Weakly-Supervised Deep Learning: Automatic Identification and Correction and Their Impact on Classification Performance","display_name":"Inaccurate Labels in Weakly-Supervised Deep Learning: Automatic Identification and Correction and Their Impact on Classification Performance","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008257486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2974425","mag":"3008257486","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32078570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.2974425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2974425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7429345","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020540456","display_name":"Degan Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-2474"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Degan Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Program, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-2474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Program, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101441625","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4424-4942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4424-4942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028928157","display_name":"Jules H. Sumkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1124-9445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jules Sumkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1124-9445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044124264","display_name":"Aly A. Mohamed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aly Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028418236","display_name":"Shandong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0770-2203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shandong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics and Department of Bioengineering, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA","Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics and Department of Bioengineering, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94847978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"9","first_page":"2701","last_page":"2710"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7514920234680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7027097940444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5557218194007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5469872355461121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5356122851371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.45706406235694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4276063144207001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.41021835803985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.24080178141593933}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7514920234680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7027097940444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5557218194007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5469872355461121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5356122851371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.45706406235694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4276063144207001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.41021835803985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.24080178141593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.2974425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2974425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32078570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32078570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7429345","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7429345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7429345","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7429345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1044151598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01CA193603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1404902007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01CA218405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4760702135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3R01CA193603-03S1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6692025680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#RSCH1530","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308932","funder_display_name":"Radiological Society of North America"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308932","display_name":"Radiological Society of North America","ror":"https://ror.org/00rj4x019"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41027960","https://openalex.org/W177004468","https://openalex.org/W1666942233","https://openalex.org/W1879676583","https://openalex.org/W1921293667","https://openalex.org/W1998613841","https://openalex.org/W2058094241","https://openalex.org/W2069716978","https://openalex.org/W2079966654","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2139212794","https://openalex.org/W2145147745","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2404161646","https://openalex.org/W2520585131","https://openalex.org/W2521079278","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2597603852","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2752971446","https://openalex.org/W2770114997","https://openalex.org/W2795282075","https://openalex.org/W2796514099","https://openalex.org/W2803760365","https://openalex.org/W2806389172","https://openalex.org/W2896485798","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2901954625","https://openalex.org/W2921039670","https://openalex.org/W2944435511","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2962915384","https://openalex.org/W2963371670","https://openalex.org/W2979302305","https://openalex.org/W2979417040","https://openalex.org/W2980154109","https://openalex.org/W3100570787","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3137695714","https://openalex.org/W4234731922","https://openalex.org/W4294375521","https://openalex.org/W4299518610","https://openalex.org/W6607184829","https://openalex.org/W6640298173","https://openalex.org/W6682132143","https://openalex.org/W6682778277","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6713197267","https://openalex.org/W6729342207","https://openalex.org/W6735632633","https://openalex.org/W6743885473","https://openalex.org/W6750523955","https://openalex.org/W6756040250","https://openalex.org/W6763485134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4295532600","https://openalex.org/W2063823869","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4386076228","https://openalex.org/W4310825149","https://openalex.org/W4285328440","https://openalex.org/W4390062853","https://openalex.org/W4389256085","https://openalex.org/W2798269247","https://openalex.org/W4313644201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,21,36],"data-driven":[1],"deep":[2,16,223],"learning-based":[3],"modeling,":[4],"data":[5,13,48,144,189],"quality":[6],"may":[7],"substantially":[8],"influence":[9],"classification":[10,88,120,213],"performance.":[11,89,214],"Correct":[12],"labeling":[14],"for":[15,161,221],"learning":[17,224],"modeling":[18,225],"is":[19],"critical.":[20],"weakly-supervised":[22,222],"learning,":[23],"a":[24,60,73,139,218],"challenge":[25],"lies":[26],"in":[27,96,112,146,211,226],"dealing":[28,227],"with":[29,228],"potentially":[30],"inaccurate":[31,229],"or":[32],"mislabeled":[33,47,143,176,188],"training":[34],"data.":[35,76],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39,82,200],"proposed":[40,136],"an":[41,209],"automated":[42],"methodological":[43],"framework":[44],"to":[45,133,157,184,208],"identify":[46,182],"using":[49],"two":[50,100,158],"metric":[51],"functions,":[52],"namely,":[53],"Cross-entropy":[54],"Loss":[55],"that":[56,68,169,202],"indicates":[57],"divergence":[58],"between":[59],"prediction":[61],"and":[62,65,121],"ground":[63],"truth,":[64],"Influence":[66],"function":[67],"reflects":[69],"the":[70,79,87,93,113,135,152,171,192,196,204,212],"dependence":[71],"of":[72,107,115,142,154,175,186,195],"model":[74,147],"on":[75,86,99],"After":[77],"correcting":[78,203],"identified":[80,205],"mislabels,":[81],"measured":[83],"their":[84],"impact":[85],"We":[90,126,149],"also":[91,150],"compared":[92,151],"mislabeling":[94],"effects":[95,153],"three":[97],"experiments":[98],"different":[101],"real-world":[102],"clinical":[103,116],"questions.":[104],"A":[105],"total":[106],"10,500":[108],"images":[109],"were":[110],"studied":[111],"contexts":[114],"breast":[117,122,162],"density":[118,163],"category":[119,164],"cancer":[123],"malignancy":[124],"diagnosis.":[125],"used":[127],"intentionally":[128],"flipped":[129],"labels":[130],"as":[131],"mislabels":[132,206],"evaluate":[134],"method":[137,156,179,216],"at":[138],"varying":[140],"proportion":[141],"included":[145],"training.":[148],"our":[155,178],"published":[159],"schemes":[160],"classification.":[165],"Experiment":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168,201],"when":[170],"dataset":[172],"contains":[173],"10%":[174],"data,":[177],"can":[180],"automatically":[181],"up":[183],"98%":[185],"these":[187],"by":[190],"examining/checking":[191],"top":[193],"30%":[194],"full":[197],"dataset.":[198],"Furthermore,":[199],"leads":[207],"improvement":[210],"Our":[215],"provides":[217],"feasible":[219],"solution":[220],"labels.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}